•I

BANCROFT LIBRARY

-0-

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

SEP

IDAHO

CHRONOLOGY

NOMENCLATURE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

By JOHN E. REES, B. Sc.

Bancroft Library OCT 1 8 1919

CORRECTIONS.

Page 14, line 15 should read: 1837. First white child born on the Nurtliwi'st Coast was Alice Whitman of Waiilatpu, Eli/a Spald- iug being the first in Idaho.

Page 21, line 12, should read: 1866. First session of the Supreme Court of Idaho was held at Boise with Hon. John R. McBride chief justice.

Page 58, line 18, should read: Kiver (q. v.), where he wintered, leav- ing there April 1, 1835, and going east by way of Green River, etc.

Page 67, line«87, should read: FRANKLIN. — Named for the town of Franklin, which was named for Franklin R. Richards, the lead- er of the thirteen Mormon families that settled the place in 1860. The county seat is Preston, named for W. B. Preston an- early settler in and prominent Mormon of Cache valley.

Page 71, line 23, insert: ELK. — At the age of six months two only, ivory teeth, the upper canines, appear in an elk calf's mouth which at eighteen months becomes a hollow and pointed tusk that gradually fills up and becomes a pear shaped solid by the time the elk reaches the age of three years. At five these tusks are matured and fully developed after which they deteriorate and by the time the animal reaches the age of ten are usually worn away. Their other teeth are simply plain dentine. These two teeth or tusks are used by the elk in a grinding action to make a clinking sound which is the animals method of ex pressing anger or hostility. The elk teeth were the Indian woman's most costly ornament, being fastened, by hundreds, in rows on her tunic, ofttimes giving the garment a value of several thousand dollars and no squaw of great note was buried without being dressed in the highly colored and decorated elk tooth jacket. — LEEK, Outdoor life, December, 1918.

Page 111, insert: SHOSHONI LANGUAGE.— There are many Aztec elements in the Shoshoni language. Some words are identical, others very similar. Aztec grammatical rules and Shoshoni idioms are very striking. The Northwest mig,ht have been, at one time, occupied by the Aztecs for these analogies point to a primeval center from which these aboriginal languages scattered. The Shoshoni language was talked and understood by all the tribes from the Rocky Mountains to California and from tru- Colorado to the Columbia, and by a few in many tribes outside of these limits. — STUART, Montana As It Is.

Page 111, insert: SHOUP, Lemhi, County. — Named for Hon. George L. Shoup who was born in Armstrong County, Pennsyvania, June 15, 1836; educated in the public schools; Colonel Third Colo- rado cavalry at the battle of Sand Creek, Colo, in 1864; moved to Idaho, 1866; engaged in stock, mining and mercantile business; was last territorial and first state governor of Idaho, 1890; U. S. senator for Idaho, 1891-1901; died, 1904; statue, sculptured by Frederick E. Triebell, placed in Statuary Hall, Washington, D. C., 1909. It was near this place which Captain Clark reached on August 23, 1805. — Proceedings in Congress.

IDAHO

CHRONOLOGY, NOMENCLATURE BIBLIOGRAPHY

BY

JOHN E. REES, B. Sc.,

Member of the

.\\IKKICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, OREGON HISTORICAL SOCIETY, WASHING- TON UNIVERSITY STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IDAHO PIONEERS, AND LEMHI HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Price of this Book, Postpaid, $1.25

ADDRESS JOHN E. REES, SALMON, IDAHO

CHICAGO

W. B. CONKEY COMPANY 1918

COPYRIGHT 1918

BY W. B. CONKEY COMPANY

PREFACE

MY only apology for writing this book is the desire to compile some scattered fragments of knowledge into a more compact form for the purpose of aiding the study of the history of Idaho. While there is considerable literature written, yet it is embodied in so many books, pamphlets and periodicals that a great amount of trouble is required and expense incurred to search out desired dates, data and information. Neither do I claim much originality in the preparation of this work other than the plan of collecting and compiling the efforts of others.

Three elements are necessary for the establishment of an historical fact, namely, time, place and incident. The absence of either element may make romance or fiction, but not history.

The first section is a chronological table of important events in the history of Idaho, and while the data, in some instances, is approximate rather than absolute, it is published merely as a beginning, which in time should be corrected until the events in Idaho's history are chronicled as historically accurate.

The second section, that of nomenclature, is published for the purpose of awakening an interest in geographical lore and historical antiquity to the end that efforts will be made by others to preserve and perpetuate the origin and reason for our State names.

The third section is a bibliography of Idaho history such as has been used in the compilation of this work, and credit is given to such writers furnishing the chief thought for each heading, which acknowledgment immediately follows the article.

It is expected that this book will aid teachers in their work, help students in their research and become a handy reference for the general reader. If such results are achieved, then the purpose for which this effort was made will have been attained by THE AUTHOR.

Salmon, Idaho, 1918.

ban!

CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFACE 5

IDAHO — POEM 8

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 9

NORTHWEST COAST 9

OREGON TERRITORY 15

WASHINGTON TERRITORY . . . 16

IDAHO TERRITORY . . • 18

STATE OF IDAHO 28

IDAHO — ITS MEANING, ORIGIN AND APPLICATION 40

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE ......... 52

IDAHO BIBLIOGRAPHY ';' . .119

IDAHO

Let others sigh of orange groves,

Where warmer sunbeams shine, The lofty mountains freedom loves,

And freedom's choice is mine. I sigh not for a southern clime

Where tropic roses blow; Give me the pine-clad hills sublime,

The hills of Idaho.

Here many a crystal streamlet clear

Flows from its mountain home, And on its banks the peaceful deer

Are free, and fearless roam; And beautiful in evening still

To mark the sunset glow Rest on some distant snow-crowned hill

That towers in Idaho.

Though commerce rears no city proud,

Though wealth has here no shrine, Though fashion draws no servile crowd,

A prouder boast is thine. Thy sons are fearless, free and bold,

Thy daughters pure as snow, For honor, truth and beauty hold

The homes of Idaho.

And I do love thee, mountain land,

Though not a son of thine. For me thy scenes have something grand

In every rugged line. For I was born among the hills,

And reared where tempests blow. And thus my soul with rapture thrills

To hail thee, Idaho.

O may thy children ever be

To one another true, And blessed with peace and harmony,

Their upward path pursue, Till, linked unto thy sister States,

Thy star with theirs shall glow, And tell what glory yet awaits

The youthful Idaho.

— Cameron McDonald.

8

Bancroft Libraiy

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

NORTHWEST COAST 1492-1846

The Northwest Coast included all territory lying between 42° and 54° 40' north latitude and west of the Rocky Mountains. It contained all of Oregon, Washington and Idaho and parts of British Columbia, Montana and Wyoming.

1492 Discovery of the western continent by Christopher Columbus, a Spanish navigator, who, believing the earth round, expected to reach the Asiatic Coast by sailing westward across the Atlantic.

1507 America named in honor of Americus Vespucius, an Italian navi- gator, who had explored part of the South American Coast; this designation first appearing in Waldseemuller's Cosmography.

1513 Discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Nunez de Balboa, a Spanish explorer, who crossed the Isthmus of Panama on an exploring expedition and named it the South Sea.

1515 Search for a Northwest passage, first supposed to be near the equator, but moved northward, as its existence was disproved by later discoveries, resulted in the first explorations of the Northwest Coast.

1543 First discovery of the Northwest Coast was made, perhaps, by Bartolome Ferrelo, who had been dispatched by the Spanish Gov- ernment to explore as far northward as possible.

1579 Second discovery of the Northwest Coast was made, perhaps, by the English freebooter, Sir Francis Drake, who was seeking the Northwest Passage homeward to elude the Spaniards, whom he had plundered.

1670 Hudson Bay Company, a famous English monopoly, was organized and granted the sole trade of the Hudson Bay country with juris- diction, civil and criminal, over all countries in North America not subject to other Christian nations.

1741 Third discovery of the Northwest Coast was made, perhaps, by the Russian explorer, Vitus Bering, who was the first navigator to establish the fact that America was isolated and not a part of Asia.

1743 Discovery of the Rocky Mountains somewhere in the vicinity of the Yellowstone National Park and called Shining Mountains by Pierre de la Verendrye while in search of a western sea.

17G3 Treaty of Paris, which ended the French and Indian War, divested France of her entire possessions, consisting of the cream of the country, giving the destiny of the North American continent to the Anglo-Saxon instead of the Latin race.

10 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

1774 First real and undisputed discovery of the Northwest Coast was made by the Spanish explorer, Juan Perez, who had orders to find and take possession of the mythical Strait of Anian and prevent foreign encroachment therein.

1775 First landing of Europeans on the Northwest Coast was made at Point Grenville, Washington, by the Spanish explorer, Bruno Heceta, who took possession of the country for Spain.

1778 The word "Oregon," to designate a "River of the West," was invented by the American traveler, Jonathan Carver, which name was made permanent by William Cullen Bryant in his poem, Thanatopsis.

1778 Captain James Cook, an English navigator, sailed into Nootka Sound while in search of the Northwest Passage during his third voyage around the world and was the first to ascertain the yalue of the American fur trade.

1783 Independence of- the United States of America was recognized by the nations of Europe at the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revo- lutionary War.

1784 Northwest Fur Company, an English corporation, was organized by Scotch merchants of Montreal, Canada, to conduct a fur trading business among the Indians.

1788 First landing by Americans on the Northwest Coast was made at

Tillamook Bay, Oregon, by a fur trading expedition which had been

sent to the Pacific by six merchants of Boston in the sloop Lady

Washington. 1790 Nootka Convention, a treaty between England and Spain, was signed

whereby Spain acknowledged the right of the English to fish, trade

and settle along the North Pacific Coast. 1792 Discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Robert Gray, a fur

trader representing Boston merchants. He sailed some distance up

the stream, naming it after his ship, Columbia.

1792 Right of discovery entitled the United States to all countries drained by the Columbia River, but a vacillating diplomatic policy deprived her of its full benefit.

1793 First overland journey made by Europeans across the Rocky Moun- tains to the Pacific Coast, north of California, was made thru British Columbia by Alexander Mackenzie with an English exploring party for the Northwest Fur Company.

1800 Province of Louisiana retroceded from Spain to France by the Treaty of San Ildefonso ; Spain having had possession of that province since the Treaty of Paris in 1768.

1803 Louisiana Purchase, including the United States lying between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, except Texas, was pur- chased from France thru the American minister, Robert R. Living- ston, for $15,000,000.

1804 Second overland journey across the Rocky Mountains to tire Pacific Ocean was made by Captains Lewis and Clark, American explorers, sent by President Jefferson to explore the Missouri and Columbia River regions.

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 11

1805 First white man to cross the ( 'out iiinital Divide of tin- Ki.eky Moun tain-; ami niter tin- Culumliia Ki\ci I'.-i-in \va^ ( aptain Mcriwether Lewis, who eroded thru Lenihi Pass at the head of Agency Creek, a tril'iitaiy of Lenihi River.

ISIM; Lewis and Clark expedition of thirty-two persons wintered at Clat- sop, near . \-tm h. Oivgnn, returning to St. Louis, Missouri, having been two and a half years in the wilderness and traveling nine thou-

-;md mile-;.

1808 American Fur Company, incorporated by the New York Legislature, was organi/ed by John Jacob Astor to include all his fur dealing operations.

1809 Missouri Fur Company, a fur trading association, was organized at St. Louis, Missouri, by prominent business men of that place to traffic for furs along the Missouri River.

1809 First establishment erected on the Northwest Coast was the Kully-^ spell house built on Pend Oreille Lake, near Hope, Idaho, by David Thompson for the Northwest Fur Company, but was soon abandoned.

1810 First American trading post on the Pacific slope was Fort Henry, erected at Egin, Idaho, by Andrew Henry of the Missouri Fur Com- pany for Indian trading purposes, but was soon abandoned.

1810 Pacific Fur Company was organized by John Jacob Astor for the purpose of conducting a fur trade on the Columbia River and Pacific Coast.

1811 First settlement of the Northwest Coast was made at Astoria, Oregon, by Americans of the Pacific Fur Company, and was named for John Jacob Astor, head of the company.

1811 First exploring party to traverse the Snake River country was the Astoria land expedition under Wilson P. Hunt, which made the third overland journey westward, with many hardships and sufferings.

1812 Robert Stuart, with a party of six men, returned thru the Snake- River country, and perhaps thru the South Pass to the East, carry- ing the news of the success in establishing Astoria.

1813 Astoria wa< raptured by the English in the War of 1812 and the name changed to Fort George, which became the headquarters of the Northwest Fur Company.

1814 Brigade of the Northwest Fur Company journeyed from the mouth of the Columbia River over the northern route to Montreal, Canada, to carry the news of the capture of Astoria.

1816 Law prohibiting traflic of any nature by English traders within the

territory of the United States was passed by Congress. 1818 Astoria was restored to the sovereignty of the United States, as the

Americans were successful in the War of 1812. 1818 Convention of joint occupancy, between England and the United

States, was made to the effect that the Northwest Coast was to be

free and open to the subjects of Ixith countries. 1818 Fort Walla Walla was established on the Columbia River by the

Northwest Fur Company for an outfitting and trading post, with

Pierre S. Pambrun in charge.

12 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

1818 First Snake country expedition was conducted by Donald Mackenzie of the Northwest Fur Company, who led, each year for four years, a band of fur trappers from Fort Walla Walla to the headwaters and streams of Snake River.

1819 Treaty between Spain and the United States was made by which, among other things, the United States acquired all of Spain's rights to the Northwest Coast.

1820 First discussion of the political condition of the Northwest Coast was made in Congress over the propriety of taking possession of the Columbia River region.

1820 Iroquois Indians, who had been instructed in the Jesuit faith, were laboring with and preaching the gospels to the Nez Perce Indians.

1821 Northwest Fur Company was consolidated with the Hudson Bay Company under the latter name for the purpose of monopolizing the fur trade on the North American continent.

1823 A battle in Lemhi Valley, Idaho, was fought between the men of the Snake country expedition, commanded by Finan McDonald, and Pjegan Indians, resulting in a murderous defeat of the Indians.

1823 Monroe doctrine, that the American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization, was enunciated to Congress by President James Monroe.

1823 Rocky Mountain Fur Company was organized by western fur traders at St. Louis, Missouri, to trade and traffic in the mountains at the various rendezvous.

1824 Snake counfry expedition of one hundred and forty persons, led by Alexander Ross, trapped the Lemhi and Salmon rivers southward, thence to Lost and Wood rivers.

1824 The first Americans to trap the Snake River country was a band of trappers led by Jedediah S. Smith from the east across the Rocky Mountains.

1824 Treaty between Russia and the United States was made by which, among other things, the United States acquired all of Russia's rights to the Northwest Coast.

1825 Fort Vancouver, Washington, was built on the Columbia River by the Hudson Bay Company with Dr. John McLoughlin in charge, which fort became the company's headquarters for the Northwest Coast.

1825 Snake country expedition was conducted by Peter Skene Ogden of the Hudson Bay Company, who for five years led bands -of fur trap- pers principally to the Portneuf and Bear River countries.

1827 Treaty of joint occupancy of 1818 between England and the United States was continued until either party thereto should give a year's notice of its abrogation.

1829 Americans of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, led by Joseph L. Meek, commenced to compete in the fur trade with the Hudson Bay Company in the Snake River country, which competition became quite bitter.

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 13

ISi^i) Kende/vous for Indian trading by the Rocky Mountain Fur Coin pany was ln-ld at Pierre's Hole, now known as 'IVton I'.asin, Idaho, where hundreds of mountain HHMI and (rappers congregated.

1830 Ki-k nf life in tlie Rocky Mountains for the past decade had been so great that two-fifths of all hunters and trappers were killed either by Indians or accident.

1830 SnaKe country expedition was conducted by John Work of the Hud- son Bay Company, who for two years led parties of fur trappers along the Reed, Malade, Goduin and Salmon rivers.

1830 Rendezvous for Indian trading by the Rocky Mountain Fur Company was held on the Blackfoot River, Idaho, where competition in fur trading became intensely keen.

1831 Fur trappers of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, led by Kit Car- *" son, wintered on the Salmon River, where many furs were gathered, but four of their party were killed by Indians.

1832 Four Indian chiefs of the Columbia River country journeyed to St. Louis, Missouri, to obtain a copy of the white man's Bible and to ask Captain William Clark for missionaries to be sent among them.

1832 First crossing of the Rocky Mountains with wagons was made by Captain B. L. E. Bonneville to Green River, Wyoming, where the wagons were cached, after which he wintered on Salmon River, near Salmon City, where he built a small fortification.

1832 Battle of Pierre's Hole in which American trappers and fur traders, led by Wyeth and Sublette, defeated the Grosventre Indians, killing many of them.

1833 Captain B. L.% E. Bonneville explored the Snake River country, after which he wintered at Batise Springs on the Portneuf, near Poca-

• tello. Idaho.

1833 Wave of western emigration and civilization to the Northwest Coast was started by Nathaniel Wyeth of New England, who, after inspecting the Snake and Columbia River countries, interested people in the agricultural occupation of the land.

1834 Over a thousand plant names were added to western botanical vocabulary by David Douglas after ten years spent in botan- ical research on the Northwest Coast.

1834 Fort Hall, Idaho, was established by Americans under Nathaniel Wyeth, becoming the meeting place for years of trails and roads to western parts of the United States.

1834 Second settlement of the Northwest Coast was made in the Willa- mette Valley, Oregon, by Americans under Jason Lee, who had been conducted down the Snake and Columbia rivers by Wyeth.

1834 Scientific survey along the Snake River was made by John K. Town- send, the ornithologist, and Thomas Nuttall, the eminent botanist.

1834 Captain B. L. E. Bonneville traveled down the Snake River to Fort Walla Walla. After being so long on the Snake River desert his men were overjoyed to see the wooded stream, changing its name from Reed to Boise River.

1834 Fort Boise was erected by the Hudson Bay Company near the mouth "

14 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

of Boise River, for Indian trading purposes, with Francis Payette in charge.

1835 Rev. Samuel Parker, Presbyterian minister from New England, jour- neyed with Nez Perces thru the mountains down Lemhi, Salmon, Kooskooskia and Snake rivers to Fort Walla Walla.

1836 First white women to cross the American continent were Mrs. Whit- man and Mrs. Spalding, who came with their husbands to do mis- sionary work among the Indians.

1836 Missions were founded at Waiilatpu, Washington, among the Cayuses and at Lapwai, Idaho, among the Nez Perces by missionaries from New England, Dr. Marcus Whitman at the former and Rev. Henry H. Spalding at the latter place.

1837 Fort Hall, Idaho, was purchased from Nathaniel Wyeth by the Hudson Bay Company and Captain James Grant placed in charge.

1837 First white child born on the Northwest Coast was Eliza Spalding at Lapwai, Idaho.

1838 First farming on Idaho territory by the white man was that done by Rev. Henry H. Spalding at Lapwai, Idaho.

1839 First printing press installed on the Northwest Coast was brought from Honolulu arid set up at Lapwai, Idaho, to print religious tracts for the natives.

1840 First overland emigrants to cross the plains of Idaho for the Oregon country was Joel P. Walker, accompanied by his wTife and family.

1841 United States exploring expedition under Captain Charles Wilkes, accompanied oy many of the nation's greatest scientists, gathered data and knowledge of the Northwest Coast, proving its greatness a reality and not a myth.

1842 Captain John C. Fremont mapped the South Pass, WTyoming, whfch proved to be a natural way for emigrants traveling to the North- west Coast.

1842 First mission erected on Idaho territory by the fathers of the Catholic Church was on St. Joe River among the Coeur d'Alene Indians.

1843 Great Oregon emigration, crossing the desert and plains of Idaho, settled in what afterwards became the State of Oregon.

1843 Snake River country was explored and mapped by Captain John C. Fremont to connect his own survey of the Rocky Mountains with that made by Captain Charles Wilkes of the Pacific Coast.

1843 Classification of Rocky Mountain birds was made by the celebrated ornithologist, John J. Audubon.

1843 First highway across Idaho was tne Oregon trail which entered near Montpelier, passed by Fort Hall ; thence westward south of Snake River to the ford below Salmon Falls; thence to Fort Boise, crossing Snake River into Oregon ; thence over the Blue Mountains to the Columbia River.

1843 First American civil government west of the Rocky Mountains was formed, being a provisional government for the country, organized by a meeting of Americans at Champoeg, Oregon.

IDAHO ('lli;<>\<>L<M;y 15

IMJ "Kii'lv-fnur, forty or light," \\;i- tin- I )rm«»<-rat i«- -lu^aii in the ram ]>;ii'_:n and <>iu> issue on which President I'olk was elected.

1844 (iicnt inducements for settlers in Oregon rolleil up tin- emigration which poured into the Columbia Iliver liasin.

isi:> Immigration to the Colunihia was a mighty movement across the continent, resulting in doubling the population of Oregon.

1845 First discovery of gold on the Pacific slope was made on Malheur River, Oregon, by wandering emigrants, and was known as the "lost mine."

1840 Treaty between England and the United States was made by which the United States acquired all of England's right, title and interest in and to the Northwest Coast south of 49° which settled the boundary question and ended the fur regime.

OREGON TERRITORY 1846-1859

1846 Oregon Territory included all the country west of the Rocky Moun- tains lying between 42° and 49° and contained all Oregon, Wash- ington, Idaho and parts of Montana and Wyoming.

1847 Murder of Dr. Whitman, Mrs. Whitman, several persons and employes at Waiilatpu Mission by Cayuse Indians for imagined wrongs, but the perpetrators were afterwards captured and hung.

1848 Oregon organized as a Territory by the American Congress, with Oregon City the capital and Joseph Lane of Indiana governor.

1849 Discovery of gold in California created so great an excitement that the greater part of all emigration was attracted to that country.

1852 First discovery of gold in Idaho was made by French Canadians on the Pend Oreille River, but did not attract attention.

1853 Sacred Heart Mission established by Father De Smet, a Jesuit mis- sionary, on the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, the work of building being done by the Indians.

1853 First railroad survey in Idaho was made by Isaac I. Stevens, who had charge of the Northern Pacific route of transcontinental roads, the survey of which was authorized by Congress.

1853 Washington Territory organized out of Oregon Territory, including Idaho north of 46°, that part south of this line remaining in Oregon. Isaac I. Stevens of Massachusetts appointed governor and Olympia the capital.

1854 Walla Walla County, created by Washington Territory, included eastern Washington and Idaho north of 46°.

1854 Train of emigrants, consisting of twenty-one persons, under the - lead of Alexander Ward of Kentucky, massacred by Snake Indians near Fort Boise, Idaho.

1855 Indian massacres and troubles resulting in the falling off of trade caused Fort Boise to be abandoned by the Hudson Bay Company.

1855 First treaty with Indians of Idaho was made by Governor Isaac I.

16 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

Stevens at Camp Stevens, Washington, with the Nez Perces, denning their reservation, which included lands in Idaho, Oregon and Wash- ington.

1865 Treaty with Kutenai, Pend Oreille and Flathead Indians was made by Governor Isaac I. Stevens at Hellgate, Montana, defining their reservation, which included lands in Idaho and Montana.

1855 First land reclaimed by irrigation, in Idaho was at Fort Limhi by Mormon missionaries from Utah, who founded an agricultural settlement in Lemhi Valley.

1856 Fort Hall was abandoned by the Hudson Bay Company and the goods removed to Flathead, Montana, because of the decline in the fur trade.

1857 President Brigham Young visited the Mormon settlement at Fort Limhi, which had been augmented with recruits from Utah and was in a flourishing condition.

1858 Bannack Indians attacked the Mormons at Fort Limhi, killing two of their number and driving the remainder back to Utah, making an end to this settlement.

1858 Shoshone County, created by Washington Legislature, comprised all

country north of Snake River, east of Columbia River and west of

the Rocky Mountains. 1858 Battle of Steptoe Butte in which troops under Colonel E, J. Steptoe

were defeated near Rosalia, Washington, by the Coeur d'Alene,

Palouse and Spokane Indians.

1858 Punitive expedition against the Indians was conducted by Colonel George Wright along the Spokane and Coeur d'Alene rivers, where several engagements were fought, the Indians defeated, and sub- mitted to the authorities at Coeur d'Alene mission.

1859 Oregon was admitted into the Union as a free State with her present boundary.

WASHINGTON TERRITORY 1859-1863

1859 Washington Territory included all Washington, Idaho and parts of Montana and Wyoming.

1860 First permanent agricultural settlement Ufade in Idaho was by the Mormon people from Utah at Franklin, where thirteen families located.

1860 Otter family and emigrants of forty- four persons ambushed by Shoshoni Indians below Salmon Falls and either killed or scattered over the country, resulting in one of the most terrible of human experiences.

1860 Gold discovered on Oro Fino Creek, Idaho, by a party of prospectors led by Captain E. D. Pierce of California.

1860 Second great highway across Idaho was the Mullan military wagon

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 17

road luiilt liy tin- I nited Mule- < i<>\ eminent at an expense of

000 from Fort Benton, Montana, to Fort Walla Walla, Washington,

a distance of six hundred and twenty-four miles, passing north of

Coeur d'Alene Lake. 1800 IVrmaiK'nt settlement of Idaho began with the discovery of gold in

the noi tli, many people who came to mine remained in the country

and made homes. isi'.l First city established in Idaho was Lewiston at the junction of the

Snake and Clearwater rivers, it being the head of navigation. istll First county created in Idaho was Shoshone with Pierce City the

county seat, including all country lying between the Clearwater and

Palouse rivers. 1861 Second county created in Idaho was Nez Perce with Lewiston the

county seat, including all country lying south and west of the Clear-

water River. ISiil Third county created in Idaho was Idaho with Florence the county

seat, including all country lying east of Snake and north of Salmon

rivers.

1861 Salmon River mines were discovered, while a search for a rich central gold deposit was made by prospectors, revealing the Florence diggings.

1862 First vigilance committee of Idaho, a self -constituted judicial body for the summary dispensing of justice, was effected at Lewiston under the name of the Idaho Vigilance Committee, and proved a most efficient institution.

J862 A whole train of emigrants were massacred by Chief Pocatello and '

his warlike followers near the City of Rocks, Idaho. 1862 Salmon River Basin gold mines were discovered lying south of the

Salmon River and were called Warren diggings, for their discoverer. 1862 First newspaper published in Idaho was the Golden Age, by A. S.

Gould at Lewiston. 1862 Boise Basin mines were discovered by a party of prospectors led by

George Grimes of Oregon City, who was killed by their Shoshoni

guide. 1862 First substantial placer mines of Montana were discovered at Ban-

nack by a party of prospectors led by John \Vhite, who had endeav-

ored to reach the Florence mines by the way of Fort Limhi. 1862 Murderous attacks were made by Shoshoni Indians on prospectors

along the Snake and Malheur rivers, and several of the Adams

emigrant train were killed and wounded. 1862 First military fort erected in Idaho was on Lapwai Creek, built for

protection against Indians, and was called Fort Lapwai.

1862 National Homestead Act, opening the public domain to the free acquisition of one hundred and sixty acres of land for homes, proved to be the most beneficent law ever enacted for the settlement of a new territory.

1863 Fourth county created in Idaho was Boise, with Bannack City the

2

..

18 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

county seat, including all country lying south of an east and west line run from the head of Payette River to the Rocky Mountains. 1863 Battle of Bear River was fought in which the Bannack Indians, led by Chief Pocatello, were defeated by United States troops com- manded by General P. E. Conner from Fort Douglas, Utah.

IDAHO TERRITORY

1863-1890

1863 March 3d, Idaho Territory was organized out of parts of Washing- ton, Nebraska and Dakota territories, with Lewiston the capital, and William H. Wallace, Republican, of Washington Territory, governor. The new Territory contained four counties, ten mining towns and twenty thousand people. •

1863 First location of quartz claims was made in the Boise Basin, where several ledges of high grade gold ore were found and worked and the town of Quartzburg was located.

1863 Discovery of the Jordan Creek placer mines was made by a party of prospectors, led by Michael Jordan, while searching lor the "lost diggins" of the emigrants of '45.

1863 Second silver deposit of importance in the United States was dis- covered oh streams running into Jordan Creek.

1863 Gold quartz was discovered on the south fork of Boise River and its tributaries, and the mining town of Esmeralda was located.

1863 Second treaty with the Nez Perces was made at Council Grounds in Lapwai Valley whereby the tribe relinquished to the United States the lands reserved for them, except their present reservation now held in severalty.

1863 Captain Jefferson J. Standifer of Boise Basin, with a volunteer force of two hundred men, chastized the Shoshoni Indians, led by Chief Nampuh, along the Snake, Payette, Malheur and Bruneau rivers.

1863 First treaty with the eastern band of Shoshoni Indians at Fort Bridger, Utah, was made, whereby the Government recognized their territorial claim to lands in Idaho, Wyoming, Utah and Colorado.

1863 First treaty with the western band of Shoshoni Indians at Box Elder, Utah, was made, whereby the Government recognized their territorial claim to lands in Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Oregon and Cali- fornia.

1863 Boise Barracks was established on Moore Creek by Major P. Lugen- biel, who, in answer to an appeal made to the Government for protection from Indians, came from Washington Territory with a company of cavalry.

1863 Townsite of Boise City was laid out by some merchants under the lead of Cyrus Jacobs a few days after Boise Barracks was estab- lished.

1863 Pioneer newspaper of southern Idaho, the Boise News, owned and edited by T. J. and J. S. Butler, was established in Boise Basin.

IDAHO C

IStiil FirM political r"li\ rlit mil- ill Idaho \\eie lirl.l ;it Mount Idaho by the liepublican party and ;it l<l;ili<> ( il\ by tin- I )emot-rat i<- parly.

|sr.:; Lloyd Magrudcr and party \\cre murdered at N'ez Perec I'ass, Idaho, by road agent* in tin- nio-t dastardly and foul manner known in the mountain-.

1st;.; Kir-t election in Idaho \vas held in which William 11. \\alln

Urpllhlie.ill. wa- elected delegate to the Thirt\ eighth CongrCSS.

Isii:1, |-'iiM -e--ion of the Territorial Lcgi>lature met at Lewiston on December 7th with twenty members.

1S<;:; First law p:i>scd by the Legi>lature divided the Territory into three judicial districts: First, Ne/ Perec. Slio>hone and Idaho count ic-. with Alex ( '. Smith, judge; Second, Boise County, with Samuel C. J'arks, judge; Third, country cast of the IJocky Mountains, with Sidm-y Kdgerton, judge and chief justice.

1st'.:; Fifth county created in Idaho was Owyhee, with Ruby City the county scat, including all country lying south of Snake River and west of the Rocky Mountains.

1804 Common law of England, as far as the same was applicable, was adopted as the law of Idaho, after which the statute law of Cali- fornia was enacted almost bodily.

1804 Fir-t court trial in Idaho was held at Lcwiston on January 5th before Judge Samuel C. Parks in the case of the Magruder mur- derers.

1864 Sixth county created in Idaho was Oneida, with Soda Springs the S county seat, including all lands east of a north and south line along "the 113° longitude from Utah to Snake River.

1864 Seventh county created in Idaho was Alturas, with Esmeralda the county seat, including all lands north of Snake River from mouth of Bruneau to Lost River and as far north as the Sawtooth Moun- tains.

1864. Latoh County was created with Coeur d'Alene City the county seat, including all lands north of Xez Perce and Shoshone counties to 48°, but was not organized.

1S(>4 Kootenai County was created, but not organized, with Sin-na-ac-qua- teen the county seat, including all Idaho north of 48°.

1864 Idaho territory east of the Bitterroot and Rocky Mountains was organized into ten counties, eight of which were afterwards in Mon- tana and two in \Yyoming.

1864 Idaho territory west of the Bitterroot and Rocky Mountains was reorganized into seven counties as already named, their boundaries being changed to conform to proper limits.

1864 Transportation and mail service by stage coaches \\as successfully inaugurated and Ben Holliday awarded the contract to carry a tri- weekly mail from Salt Lake via Fort Hall and Boise to Walla Walla.

1864 Idaho fctdtcmintH. a triweekly newspaper, owned and managed by J. S., R. \V. and T. B. Reynolds, was established at Boise City.

1864 Roads, trails, thorofare.^ and bridges were made public highways to be constructed and maintained by the respective counties.

20 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

1864 Depreciation of the national currency, premium on gold and infla- tion of prices resulting from the Civil War necessitated an addi- tional pay to all territorial employes above the salary allowed by the National Government.

1864 Toll roads, bridges and ferries were liberally granted by the Legis- lature as means of transportation and a ready revenue were both needed by the new Territory.

1864 Legal ratei of interest was fixed at 10 per cent per annum, but parties could agree in writing for the payment of any rate of interest whatever.

1864 Every male person eighteen years of age and every female sixteen years, or more, shall be capable, in law, of contracting marriage.

1864 Montana Territory was organized by Congress out of Idaho Terri- tory, with Sidney Edgerton as governor and Bannack the capital.

1864 Second territorial governor was Caleb Lyon, Republican, of Lyons- dale, New York, who was appointed by President Lincoln.

1864 National election : Abraham Lincoln, Republican, was elected President for a second term, and E. D. Holbrook, Democrat, dele- gate to the Thirty-ninth Congress.

1864 Second session of the Territorial Legislature met at Lewiston on December 14th with twenty members.

1864 Common school system was established for the maintenance of which the National Government had donated in the Idaho organic act sections 16 and 36 of all public lands.

1864 Eighth county created in Idaho was Ada, with Boise City the county seat, including all lands lying in the southwestern part of Boise County.

1864 Payette Valley Vigilance Committee was formed for the purpose of clearing that neighborhood of numerous horse thieves and gold- dust counterfeiters.

1865 Territorial capital was removed from Lewiston to Boise by United States Marshal J. H. Alvord under orders from Washington, D. C.

1865 Salt Lake-Helena stage was robbed of $60,000 and four passengers

murdered by road agents in Portneuf Canyon. 1865 Idaho City Vigilance Committee was organized to dispense justice

and enforce human rights in the mines, as the courts did not give

sufficient security. 1865 Attention was attracted to southeastern Idaho when J. M. Taylor

erected a bridge across Snake River at Eagle Rock in the place of

the old ferry. 1865 Annual election, in which territorial, county and precinct officers

were chosen.

1865 Third session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem- ber 4th with twenty-six members.

1866 Debtor's act relating to insolvency and bankruptcy was made a law of the Territory.

1866 Corporations may be created for the organization and maintenance

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 21

of historic, scientific, aid or educational and other literary societies

designated to promote the diffusion of useful knowledge. '1866 Incorporation of grand and subordinate lodges of Free and Accepted

Masons and Independent Order of Odd Fellows was provided for. 1800 Federal lode mining act was passed by Congress, based largely on

miners' rules and customs which had prevailed in the Territory. 1800 Boise City Vigilance Committee was organized for the protection of

rights and the enforcement of justice. 1800 State of Columbia was proposed by Idaho Legislature in a petition

to Congress, which was to include all lands in western Montana,

northern Idaho and eastern Oregon. 1800 Buffalo Hump in volcanic eruption, sending up volumes of smoke

Hon. John R. McBride chief justice. 1800 Survey of public lands in Idaho began with L. F. Cartee as surveyor

general. The initial point of survey was nineteen miles southwest

of Boise. 1800 Buffalo Hump in volcanic eruption, sending up volumes of smoke

and emitting columns of molten lava. 1800 Gold discovered on Napias Creek at Leesburg in Lemhi County by

a party of Montana prospectors led by Frank B. Sharkey. 1800 Third territorial governor was David W. Ballard, Republican, of

Oregon, appointed by President Johnson. 1800 Territorial election: E. D. Holbrook, Democrat, elected delegate

tor a second term and to the Fortieth Congress.

1800 Fourth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem- ber 3d with thirty members. 1807 Law of community property rights, whereby all property acquired

after marriage by husband and wife belongs half to each spouse,

was adopted.

1867 First county in Idaho wiped from the map by legislative enactment was Latoh', whose territory was annexed to Kootenai County.

1807 Immigration into Idaho came henceforth prepared to settle the

country and make permanent homes. 1807 Masonic Grand Lodge of Idaho was organized at Idaho City by five

lodges within the Territory, four under Oregon and one under

Washington jurisdiction.

1807 Congress amended the Idaho organic act making biannual instead of annual elections and meetings of the Territorial Legislature.

1808 Wyoming Territory was organized out of Idaho Territory, with John A. Campbell governor and Cheyenne the capital.

1808 Assay office and penitentiary were established at Boise by Congress.

1868 Treaty at Fort Bridger, Utah, with the eastern band of Shoshoni Indians in which they relinquished their claim to all territory excepting the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming.

1868 National election: U. S. Grant, Republican, elected President, and Jacob K. Shafer, Democrat, delegate to the Forty-first Congress.

1868 Fifth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem- ber 7th with thirty members.

22 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

1809 Ninth county created in Idaho was Lemhi, with Salmon City the county seat, including all the southeastern part of Idaho County.

1869 Statue of George Washington, which had been carved and fashioned from native woods with ordinary tools by Charles Ostner, was unveiled on the capitol grounds at Boise.

1869 Law library of Idaho was established from the fees paid by attor- neys for the privilege of practicing law in the Territory.

1869 Placer gold strike was made at Oj*o Grande on Loon Creek in Lemhi County by a party of prospectors led by Nate Smith.

1869 Union and Central Pacific railroads completed with Corinne and

Kelton, Utah, the eastern and western shipping points into Idaho.

* 1869 Fort Hall Indian Reservation was set aside by President Grant, by

executive order, for the Indians of southern Idaho and especially

the Shoshonis and Bannacks.

1869 Salt works on Salt River, near Soda Springs, were operated by B. F. White and furnished most of the salt used in the Montana smelters.

1870 Gold rush to Idaho subsided as the placer mines declined in their yield, and more people turned their attention to other opportunities in the Territory.

1870 Federal placer mining act was passed by Congress permitting the patenting of placer claims on like conditions as in the case of lode claims.

1870 First census of Idaho was taken by the ninth census enumerators, showing a population of 14,999', or .17 person to the square mile.

1870 Territorial election: Samuel A. Merritt, Democrat, elected dele- gate to the Forty-second Congress.

1870 Sixth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem- ber 8th with thirty members.

1871 Fourth territorial governor of Idaho was Thomas W. Bennett, Republican, of Indiana, who was appointed by President Grant.

1871 Placer gold was found in paying quantities in the gravel bars along Snake River, resulting in the establishment of several mining camps.

1871 United States geological survey was made of the headwaters of the Snake River by Prof. F. V. Hayden.

H 1871 Boundary line between Idaho and Utah was surveyed by the United

States which increased Idaho's lands, wealth and population. J872 Federal mining laws were supplemented, modified and completed for the location, acquisition and patenting of both lode and placer claims.

^1872 Malheur Indian Reservation in Oregon was set aside by President Grant, by executive order, for Shoshonis and Pahutes.

"**1872 Colville Indian Reservation in Washington was set aside by Presi- dent Grant, by executive order, for Kutenais, Pend Oreilles, Colville and Spokane Indians.

1872 Boise City land district was created which contained all Idaho south of the Salmon River range of mountains.

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 23

1872 Lewiston hind diMriet was created which continued all Idaho north of the Saliin ii lli\- i range of mountains.

1^7- I nited Stales a--ay ollice and penitentiary buildings \\en- com- pleted and brgan operations.

1S72 National election: U. S. Grant, Republican, was elected President for a second term, and .lolin llailey. Deinoci-al . dele-ate to tin- Forty- third Congress.

1872 Seventh session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on December 2d with thirty-nine members.

1873 Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation was set aside by President Grant, by executive order, for the Coeur d'Alene and Spokane Indians.

1873-77 Dullest years in the history of Idaho and little or no progress was made in the Territory.

1874 First railroad to enter the Territory was th'e Utah Northern, a narrow gauge, built by a Utah company to Franklin, Idaho.

1874 Territorial election: Stephen S. Fenn, Democrat, was elected dele- gate to the Forty-fourth Congress.

1874 Eighth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem- ber 7th with thirty-eight members.

1875 First revision and compilation of all the public laws of Idaho, which were then in force in the Territory, was made.

1875 Tenth county created in Idaho was Bear Lake, with Paris the county seat, including the southeastern part of Oneida County.

1875 Lemhi Indian Reservation was set aside by President Grant, by executive order, from Shoshonis, Bannacks and Tukuarikas.

1875 Fifth territorial governor of Idaho was David P. Thompson, Repub- lican, of Oregon, who was appointed by President Grant.

1876 Sixth territorial governor of Idaho was Mayson Brayman, Repub- lican, of Wisconsin, who was appointed by President Grant.

1876 Centennial of American independence was held at Philadelphia, but there was no display of Idaho products thereat.

1876 National election: R. B. Hayes, Republican, was elected President, and Stephen S. Fenn, Democrat, delegate for a second term and to the Forty-fifth Congress.

1S76 Ninth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on Decem- ber 4th with thirty-nine members.

1877 National desert land act for three hundred and twenty acres of arid lands was passed by Congress and proved a wonderful benefit in reclaiming lands in Idaho by irrigation.

1877 Nez Perce Indian war: Five hundred warriors under Chief Joseph's command went on the warpath l>crauso the National Government opened to settlement the Wallowa Valley, Oregon, which the non- treaty Indians claimed as an inheritance.

1877 June 17th, battle of White Bird Creek Canyon, Idaho: Captain D. Perry in command, with ninety-nine soldiers, eleven volunteers; Indians double that number. Perry defeated with loss of thirty-four killed, two wounded.

24 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

1877 July llth and 12th, battle of Clearwater, Idaho: General O. O. Howard in command, with 400 soldiers; Indians, 300. Indians defeated with loss of 23 killed, 23 captured; Howard loss, 13 killed, 27 wounded.

1877 August 9th, battle of Bighole, Montana: Colonel John Gibbon in command, with 146 soldiers, 34 volunteers. Gibbon defeated with loss of 23 soldiers, 6 volunteers; Indian loss, 89 killed.

1877 September 13th, battle of Canyon Creek, Montana: Colonel S. D. Sturgis in command. A running fight in which both sides lost about twenty men each.

1877 September 29th, battle of Bear Paw Mountain, Montana: Colonel Nelson A. Miles in command with double amount of soldiers to war- riors. Indians defeated with loss of 6 chiefs, 25 warriors, 46 wounded; Miles' loss, 2 officers, 29 soldiers, 44 wounded.

1877 October 5th, Nez Perces surrender to Colonel Miles 100 warriors, 300 women and children, and 700 ponies. Four hundred and thirty- one Indians were taken to the Indian Territory.

1877 Duck Valley Indian Reservation in Nevada and Idaho was set apart, by executive order of President Hayes, for Shoshonis and Pahutes.

1878 National stone and timber act for the acquisition of stone and timber lands to the amount of one hundred and sixty acres was enacted by Congress and greatly aided in the material advancement of the Territory.

1878 Bannack Indian war: Bannacks of Fort Hall, led by Chief Buffalo Horn, and Pahutes of Malheur, led by Chief Egan, went on the warpath because the National Government opened to settlement Camas Prairie, which had been reserved to the Indians.

1878. June 8th, battle of South Mountain, Idaho: J. B. Harper in com- mand of 35 volunteers; Indians, 60 strong. Volunteers defeated with loss of four men. Chief Buffalo was killed.

1878 June 23d, battle of Cedar Mountain, Oregon: Captain R. F. Bernard in command with four companies of cavalry and twenty- five scouts under Colonel Rube Robbins. Indians defeated with loss of 100 killed. Four soldiers and one scout killed.

1878 July 2d, battle of Umatilla, Oregon: Major N. A. Cornoyer with command of loyal Umatilla Indians. Enemy 400 strong. Enemy defeated with loss of 39 killed; Umatilla loss, 2.

1878 July 8th, battle of Birch Creek, Oregon: Colonels Bernard and Robbins in command. Indians defeated and many killed.

1878 July 13th, battle of Pendleton, Oregon: Captain Evan Miles in command with 125 soldiers and some volunteers. Indians 400 strong. Indians defeated with loss of twenty killed ; two soldiers wounded.

1878 July 15th, battle of Meacham, Oregon: Chief Homily with ninety of his loyal Umatillas defeated the enemy, killing Chief Egan and thirty of his warriors.

1878 July 17th, battle of Wolf Creek, Oregon: Major G. B. Sanford in

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 25

command. Indians defeated. Seventeen warriors killed, twenty- five iiM-ii. women and children captured.

1878 September 5th, battle of Claries' Ford, Oregon: Twenty Bannack lodges attacked and all women ami children killed. Several hun- dred surrendered to the War Department of Oregon and the rem- nants returned to their reservations.

1878 Territorial election: George Ainslie, Democrat, was elected dele- gate to the Forty-sixth Congress.

1879 Tenth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on January 13th with thirty-nine members.

1879 Eleventh county created in Idaho was Cassia, with Albion the county seat, including the eastern part of Owyhee County.

1879 Twelfth county created in Idaho was Washington, with Weiser the county seat, including the northwestern part of Ada County.

1879 Fort Sherman and a military reservation of one thousand acres was established on Coeur d'Alene Lake and regularly garrisoned with five companies of soldiers.

1879 Sheepeater Indian war: Renegade Bannacks and Tukuarika Indians went on the warpath because the Government failed to furnish them supplies.

1879 July 28th, battle of Big Creek, Idaho: Lieutenant Catley in com- mand of forty-nine soldiers. Indians one hundred strong. Catley withdrew from the fight with loss of one man and some supplies.

1879 August 20th, battle of Loon Creek, Idaho; Lieutenant E. S. Farrow in command. Worsted the Indians and captured some horses and supplies.

18791 September 1st, Sheepeater band, consisting of sixty warriors, sur- rendered at Seven Devils, Idaho, to Lieutenant Farrow, who took them to Vancouver, Washington.

1879 End to all Indian 'wars in Idaho was made when the hostile band of Sheepeaters surrendered and were dispersed.

1879 First railroad completed in Idaho was the Utah Northern, which crossed the southeastern part of the Territory.

1879 Oneida land district was created, which contained all Idaho east of the range line between 23 and 24 Boise meridian and of the west side line of Lemhi County, with Oxford the land office.

1879 Mormon people from Utah began the settlement and cultivation of the Snake River Valley from Idaho Falls to the source of the river.

1880 Seventh territorial governor of Idaho was John B. Neil, Republican, of Iowa, who was appointed by President Hayes.

1880 Placer gold was discovered in paying quantities in the Coeur d'Alene

country by prospectors led by A. J. Pritchard. 1880 Second census of Idaho was taken by the tenth census enumerators,

showing a population of 32,019, or .38 person to the square mile. 1880 Quartz mining industry \vas given an impetus by the opening of the

lead-silver mines of the Wood River district. 1880 National election: J. A. Garfield, Republican, was elected Presi-

26 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

dent, and George Ainslie, Democrat, delegate for a second term and to the Forty-seventh Congress.

1880 Eleventh session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on December 13th with thirty-six members.

1881 Historical society of Idaho pioneers was formed to collect and pre- serve a reliable history of the early settlement of the Territory.

1881 History of Idaho by Robert E. Strahorn was published and distrib- uted by legislative enactment.

1881 Thirteenth county created in Idaho was Custer, with Challis the county seat, including the western part of Lemhi and the northern part of Alturas counties.

1881 Fourteenth county organized in Idaho was Kootenai, with Rathdrum the county seat, including the Panhandle country.

1881 First daily paper published in Idaho was the Hailey Times, edited by T. E. Picotte of Hailey.

1882 Smelter erected on the famous Viola mine at Nicholia in Lemhi County, which for five years produced an enormous amount of lead.

1882 Territorial election: Theodore F. Singiser, Republican, was elected delegate to the Forty-eighth Congress.

1882 Twelfth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Poise on Decem- ber llth with thirty-six members.

1883 Eighth territorial governor of Idaho was John N. Irwin, Republican, of Iowa, who was appointed by President Arthur.

1883 Annual teachers' institutes, to be held thruout the various counties

of the Territory, was made the law.

v 1883 Northern Pacific Railroad was completed across the northern part of the Territory, making better transportation facilities.

1883 First Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows was organized at Boise.

1884 Lead mines of the Coeur d'Alene region, which developed into the greatest lead producing region of the world, was discovered.

1884 Oregon Short Line Railroad completed across the southwestern part of the Territory, opening Idaho to commerce.

1884 Ninth territorial governor of Idaho was William M. Bunn, Repub- lican, of Pennsylvania, who was appointed by President Arthur.

1884 National election: Grover Cleveland, Democrat, was elected Presi- dent, and John Hailey, Democrat, delegate for a second term and to the Forty-ninth Congress.

1884 Thirteenth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on December 8th with thirty-six members.

^1885 Fifteenth county created in Idaho was Bingham, with Blackfoot the county seat, including the northern and eastern parts of Oneida County.

1885 Capitol building to be constructed in Boise at an expense of $80,000 was voted by the Legislature.

1885 Insane asylum, to be located at Blackfoot, where a building costing

$20,000 was to be erected, was voted by the Legislature. "1885 Ejector's oath against the doctrinal rite of bigamy, polygamy.

IDAIK) CIIRONOUKJY 27

mid celestial marriages, or the Mormon i eM oath, was enacted into law.

Fir>t di-play of Idaho products at a world's fair was at the New Orleans F.xpoMt ion. where many medal> were in-rived.

1886 'IVntli territorial governor of Idaho was Edward A. Stevenson, Demo- crat, first resident of Idaho to occupy the position, appointed by President Cleveland.

1886 I'nited States land districts and offices, as follows: Blackfoot, all Idaho cast of 36° \Y. longitude; Hailey, all Idaho between 36° and 38° 30' W. longitude, extending from 42° N. latitude to Salmon River; Boi-e. all Idaho \\e-t of 38° 30' W. longitude, extending from 42° N. latitude to Salmon River and 45° 30' N. latitude; Lewiston, all Idaho between Salmon River and 45° 30' N. latitude to 47° N. latitude; Coeur d'Alene, all Idaho between 47° and 49° N. latitude.

1885 Joseph's band of Nez Perce Indians were permitted to leave Indian Territory and go upon the Colville (Washington) Reservation.

issti rtah Northern Railroad was made a broad gauge, merged with the Oregon Short Line, all belonging to the Union Pacific System.

1886 Bill to annex north Idaho to Washington Territory was passed by Congress, but failed to become a law, as the President did not sign it.

1886 Territorial election: Fred T. Dubois, Republican, was elected dele- gate to the Fiftieth Congress.

1886 Fourteenth session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on December 13th with thirty-six members.

1887 Revised statutes of Idaho, consisting of four codes divided into parts, titles, chapters, articles and sections, wras adopted.

1887 Practice of pharmacy was regulated by statute within the Territory. 1887 Practice of medicine and surgery was regulated by statute within

the Territory. 1887 Compulsory education law was passed by the Territorial Legislature

compelling attendance at common schools. 1887 Arbor Day was designated as a time for planting and cultivating

trees within the Territory. 1887 Fee system of paying county officers was adopted and a minimum

and maximum limit placed on their compensation.

1887 Edmunds-Tucker act disfranchised thousands of Mormons and many were convicted of polygamy and unlawful cohabitation.

1888 Sixteenth county in Idaho was Latah, created by congressional enact- ment out of the southern portion of Kootenai County, with Moscow the county seat.

1888 United States (,'eological Survey established an office at Boise, with Arthur 1). \Y. Foote in charge, to make investigations of the arid regions of the Territory and the nere—ity of hydraulic works.

1888 National election: Benjamin Harrison. Republican, was elected President, and Fred T. Duhois. Republican, delegate for a second term and to the Fifty-first Congress.

28 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

1888 Fifteenth and last session of the Territorial Legislature met at Boise on December 10th with thirty-six members.

1889 University of Idaho for acquiring knowledge in scientific, industrial and professional pursuits was established at Moscow.

1889 Seventeenth county created in Idaho was Elmore, with Rocky Bar the county seat, including the southwestern part of Alturas County.

1889 Eighteenth county created in Idaho was Logan, with Shoshone the county seat, including the southern part of Alturas County.

1889 Idaho Legislature petitioned Congress against statehood for Utah on the ground that the Mormons practiced polygamy and unlawful cohabitation and that the teachings of the Mormon Church were treasonable.

1889 Position of county school superintendent could be occupied by women as well as by men.

1889 Eleventh territorial governor of Idaho was George L. Shoup, Repub- lican, who was appointed by President Harrison, and served as the last territorial governor.

1889 Constitutional convention composed of sixty-eight members met at Boise, July 4th, and after laboring twenty-eight days, formed a constitution for the State of Idaho and adopted it on August 6th.

1889 Constitution was adopted by the people at an election held on November 5th by a vote of 12,398 for and 1,773 against.

STATE OF IDAHO

1890-1918

1890 July 3d. Idaho was admitted as the forty- third State of the Amer- ican Union, which marked the beginning of an era of progress and development.

1890 Constitution formed the following judicial districts: First, Shoshone and Kootenai; Second, Latah, Nez Perce and Idaho; Third, Wash- ington, Ada, Boise and Owyhee; Fourth, Cassia, Elmore, Logan and Alturas; Fifth, Bear Lake, Bingham, Oneida, Lemhi and Custer.

1890 One Federal judicial district of the Ninth Circuit Court was formed of Idaho, with James H. Beatty judge, sitting at Boise.

1890 First extensive irrigation system of Idaho constructed for the watering of arid lands was the Phyllis and New York canals of Ada County.

1890 Third census of Idaho was taken by the eleventh census enumera- tors, showing a population of 88,548, or 1.1 persons to the square mile.

1890 Federal forest reserve act, giving the President the power to set apart at any time public lands in any State or Territory as a public reservation, was enacted.

1890 Four terms of the Supreme Court of Idaho must be held annually, two terms at Boise and two terms at Lewiston.

IDAIK) r|li;n\n|.<M;Y 29

(Jivat Northern Kaihoad \\:i> completed ACTON the north part of the State. v.i\iiiLT better 1 1 ans|iortat i«n facilities, l-'ir-t State election: Willis Sweet, Republican, elected con;_ man to tin- Kilty -eeond Congress, and George L. Shoup, Republican, governor of the State.

Vote for governor, October 1st: Republican, 10,262; Democrat, 7,948. Total, 18,210. Republican plurality, 2,314. First session of the State Legislature met at Boise on December 8th with fifty-four members; Republican majority.

First United States senator for Idaho was William J. McConnell, Republican, who was elected by the State Legislature to serve until March 4, 1891.

George L. Shoup, Republican, was elected by the State Legislature a United States senator for Idaho to serve until March 4, 1895. Fred T. Dubois, Republican, was elected by the State Legislature a United States senator for Idaho to serve until March 4, 1897. Legislature accepted the benefits of the acts of Congress providing for a State agricultural college and experimental station for teaching methods of farming and husbandry and located the institution at Moscow.

High license principle for regulating the sale of intoxicating liquors was enacted.

Australian ballot system, wherein there is but one ballot used by the voter which he votes in secret, was adopted.

State Board of Land Commissioners was provided, the duty of which was the selection, location, sale, rental and general manage- ment of the public lands of the State.

School district offices could be occupied by women who could also vote at school elections.

Alta County was created, with Hailey the county seat, including the northern portion of Alturas County.

Lincoln County was created, with Shoshone the county seat, includ- ing the southern portion of Alturas County.

Nineteenth county created in Idaho was Canyon, with Caldwell the county seat, including the western part of Ada County. Eight hours actual work 'was made to constitute a lawful day's work on all State, county and municipal works. Prosecution of criminal offenses to be by informatiop made by the prosecuting attorney and grand juries were dispensed with unless ordered by the district jud.^c.

In misdemeanors and civil actions juries may consist of twelve or less by agreement, but three-fourths may make a verdict in civil actions and five-sixths in misdemeanors.

Great Seal of the State of Idaho, a design drawn by Miss Emma Kthvanls. with the Latin motto Esfo Perpetua, was adopted. Standard weights and measures of this State' shall agree exactly with the standards as recognized and furnished by the United States.

30 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

1891 Free and unlimited coinage of silver for United States product as it existed prior to demonetization was prayed for by the Legislature in a memorial to Congress.

1891 Second and third counties in Idaho were wiped from the map by judicial interpretation, the counties being Alta and Lincoln.

1892 Frisco Mill, belonging to mine owners of the Coeur d'Alenes, blown up with dynamite by union strikers, several persons being killed and militia necessary to quiet the district.

1892 Terms of the United States District Court were fixed as follows: Northern at Moscow, central at Boise, and southern at Blackfoot.

1892 National election: G rover Cleveland, Democrat, elected President for a second term; Willis Sweet, Republican, congressman for a second term and to the Fifty-third Congress; and William J. McConnell, Republican, governor of the State.

1892 Vote for governor, November 8th: Republican, 8,178; Democrat, 6,769; Populist, 4,865; Prohibition, 264. Total, 20,076. Repub- lican plurality, 1,409.

1893 Second session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 2d with fifty-four members; Republican majority.

1893 Northern State Normal School established at Lewiston for the pur- pose of training teachers in the art of instruction in common school education.

1893 World's Columbian Exposition was held at Chicago, where Idaho products and resources were properly exhibited through a commis- sioner.

1893 General pardon to all Mormons, liable under the Edmunds-Tucker act, on condition that in future the law would be obeyed, was issued by President Harrison.

1893 Obligations of debt, judgments and executions payable in money shall be payable in either the standard silver or gold coin of the United States was made the law.

1893 Soldiers' Home was established at Boise for honorably discharged Union soldiers, sailors and marines who served in the War of the Rebellion.

1893 Twentieth county created in Idaho was Fremont, with St. Anthony the county seat, including the northern part of Bingham County.

1893 Inspector of mines was created to examine into and inspect the work- ing conditions of all mines in the State.

1893 System of State wagon roads, to be constructed principally along the Salmon River and to connect southern and northern Idaho, was enacted by the Legislature.

1893 Twenty-first county created in Idaho was Bannock, with Pocatello the county seat, including the southern part of Bingham County.

1893 Southern State Normal School established at Albion for the purpose of training teachers in the art of instruction in common school educa- tion.

1893 Free and unlimited coinage of silver as it existed prior to the demonetization act, for the relief of all business, industry and tax-

IDAHO OHRONOLOO1 31

paying riti/ni^. \\a-> prayed for in ;i Irtish! i\ c memorial dt ( 'mi-i c-~. I 'nit'.. mi -.y-ti-in of ir\i book-, f,,r the |>ul>lie -el Is of the State wa-

adopted.

1803 KiiM eoiii|>rrlieii-ive game law for tin- Stair was riiarlnl for the pro- tection «.!' tin' li>h and game of Ilir State.

1893 Tlirrr electoral votes of Idaho were cast for James B. Weaver, the Populist presidential candidate.

1893 Repeal of the purchasing clause of the coinage act, providing for the purchase of silver bullion by the Government, caused such a decline in silver as to close many silver and lead mines.

1893 National monetary panic crippled many industries and caused a stagnation in all businesses.

1894 Carey act by Congress donated to arid States one million acres of public lands to be reclaimed by the State and disposed of by it for its own use and benefit.

1894 Xez Perce Indian Reservation was allotted to the Indians in severalty

and the surplus sold for their benefit. 1894 State election: Edgar Wilson, Republican, was elected congressman

to the Fifty-fourth Congress, and William J. McConnell, Republican,

governor for a second term. 1894 Vote for governor. November Gth : Republican, 10,208; Populist,

7,121; Democrat, 7,057. Total, 24,386. Republican plurality, 3,087.

1894 First amendment to the State constitution adopted, segregating the offices of probate judge and county school superintendent.

1895 Third session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 7th with fifty-four members; Republican majority.

1895 Age of consent was raised to eighteen years and licenses henceforth required by those entering the marriage state.

1895 Monetary system of Idaho was placed upon the gold basis and all con- tracts for money reduced to the gold standard.

1895 George L. Shoup was re-elected by the State Legislature a United States senator to serve until March 4, 1901.

1895 Fourth and fifth counties of Idaho wiped from the map by legislative enactment, the counties being Alturas and Logan.

1895 System of locating mining claims was radically changed, requiring the locator to sink a shaft at least ten feet on his ledge within sixty days.

1895 Mormon test oath was regaled by the State Legislature.

IS!).") A substitute county created in Idaho was Blaine, with Hailey the county seat, including all of what was Alturas and Logan counties.

is'.i.") Comprehensive irrigation law, providing for a uniform system of appropriation, distribution a-ml use of the public waters of the State, was enacted.

1895 Office of state engineer was created to gather facts relating to water- ways and irrigable lands and to supervise the distribution of the public waters.

1895 Office of state sheep inspector was created whose duties were to attend to the sheep industry of the State.

32 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

1895 A substitute county created in Idaho was Lincoln, with Shoshone the county seat, including the southern portion of Elaine County.

1895 Election of United States senators by direct vote of the people was proposed as an amendment to the United States Constitution by the State Legislature in a memorial to Congress.

189'6 Idaho became the first State in the Union in the production of lead.

1896 Culmination of differences and clash between the cattle and sheep industries, .resulting in the murder of sheep herders by Diamondfield Jack (Davis), in Cassia County.

1896 Free and unlimited coinage of silver by the United States at the ratio of 16 to 1 became the paramount issue in the campaign.

1896 National election: William McKinley, Republican, was elected President; James Gunn, Populist, congressman to the Fifty-fifth Con- gress; and Frank Steunenberg, Democrat, governor of the State.

1896 Vote for President, November 3d: Democrat, 23,192; Republican, 6,324; Prohibition, 179. Total, 29,695. Democrat plurality, 16,868.

1896 Second amendment to' the State constitution adopted, extending to women the equal right of suffrage, being the third State of the Union to do so.

1896 Third amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing for county attorneys instead of district attorneys.

1896 Fourth amendment to the State constitution adopted, eliminating the necessity of an election of township, precinct and municipal officers.

1897 Fourth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 4th with seventy members ; Demo-Populist majority.

1897 Buffalo and bison within the State were protected by legislative

enactment. 1897 Anti-gambling law, prohibiting gambling and providing a penalty

for its violation, was enacted. 1897 Legal rate of interest was made 7 per cent per annum, but parties

may agree, in writing, to 12 per cent. 1897 Parole of convicts of the State penitentiary was provided for, the

power being placed in the Board of Pardons. 1897 Board of Horticultural Inspection was created with duties to protect

trees and plants of the State. 1897 State Board of Medical Examiners was provided by law, and the

practice of medicine and surgery was regulated. 1897 State Board of Arbitration created with duties to settle differences

between employers and employes by arbitration. 1897 Henry Heitfeld, Democrat, was elected by the State Legislature a

United States senator to serve until March 4, 1903. 1897 International monetary conference and agreement on bimetallism was

vigorously protested against by the Legislature in a memorial to

Congress. 1897 Secretary of mines and mining as a member of the President's cabinet

was prayed for by the Legislature in a memorial to Congress. 1897 Three electoral votes of Idaho were cast for William J. Bryan, the

Democratic presidential candidate.

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 33

1807 Women first empaneled as jurors in Idaho in a case tried at Boise.

1898 First Idaho Regiment of Infantry Volunteers organized and mus- tered into service for Spanish-American War at call of President McKinley.

1898 Fort Hall Indian Reservation was allotted to the Indians in severalty of one hundred and sixty acres each of farming and grazing lands and the surplus sold for their benefit.

1898 Trans-Mississippi International Exposition at Omaha was held, at which Idaho made a display of many products.

1898 State election: Edgar Wilson, Silver Republican, was elected con- gressman for a second term and to the Fifty-sixth Congress, and Frank Steunenberg, Fusionist, re-elected governor of the State.

1898 Vote for governor, November 8th: Fusionist, 19,407; Republican, 13,794; Prohibition, 1,175. Total, 34,376. Fusionist majority, 5,613.

1898 Fifth amendment to the State constitution adopted, requiring that a new county shall not be created which has less than $1,000,000 of taxable property.

1898 Sixth amendment to the State constitution adopted, changing the method of paying county officers their compensation from a fee to a salary system.

1899 Fifth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 2d with seventy members; Fusionist majority.

1899 Commissioner of immigration, labor and statistics created whose duty was to collect and compile reliable data of the various resources, industries and wage conditions of the State.

1899 State fish and game warden was created whose duties were to enforce all laws relating to fish and game.

1899 Board of Dental Examiners was created to make rules for the prac- tice of dentistry and issue licenses therefor.

1899 Construction of the Nicaragua Canal was prayed for in a memorial to Congress by the Legislature.

1899 American line of merchant marine was prayed for in a memorial to Congress by the Legislature.

1899 Wardner riot in the Coeur d'Alenes occurred in which property and people were dynamited by union strikers, which insurrection required Federal troops to suppress by locking the strikers in bull pens.

1900 Idaho Industrial Institute located at Weiser for the purpose of giv- ing education of the hand as well as of the head.

1900 Last decade a prosperous period in agricultural development, making farming the chief source of wealth instead of mining, which had been the main industry of the State up to this time.

1900 Fourth census of Idaho was taken by the twelfth census enumera- tors, showing a population of 161,772, or 1.9 persons to the square mile.

1900 Paris Exposition in France was held at which many Idaho products were exhibited and prizes awarded therefor.

1900 National election: William McKinley, Republican, re-elected Presi- dent; Thomas L. Glenn, Democrat, congressman to the Fifty-seventh Congress; and Frank Hunt, Democrat, governor of the State.

34 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

1900 Vote for President, November 6th: Democrat, 29,414; Republican, 26,997; Prohibition, 857; Populist, 213. Total, 57,481. Democrat plurality, 2,216.

1900 {Seventh amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing that the educational funds could be loaned on school district bonds and State warrants.

1901 Sixth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 7th with seventy members; Fusionist majority.

1901 Fred T. Dubois, Democrat, elected by the State Legislature a United States senator for a second term to serve until March 4, 1907.

1901 Free traveling library established and a traveling library committee formed to distribute libraries thruout the State.

1901 Supreme Court decisions of Idaho in the form of "Reports" was pro- vided for and their publication ordered.

1901 Idaho Technical Institute was established at Pocatello for instruction in vocational and technical subjects.

1901 Insurance commissioner, whose duties are to attend to matters relat- ing to insurance and insurance companies, was provided.

1901 Labor commissioner, with duties and powers to investigate labor troubles and adjust them by arbitration, was provided.

1901 Clearwater County was created, with Oro Fino the county . seat, including parts of Shoshone and Nez Perce counties.

1901 Regulations prohibiting Chinese and Japanese immigration was prayed for in a memorial to Congress by the Legislature.

1901 Application for Congress to call a national convention to amend the United States Constitution by providing for the election of President, Vice-President and United States senators by popular vote was made by Idaho's Legislature.

1901 Three electoral votes of Idaho were cast for William J. Bryan, the Democratic presidential candidate.

1901 Sixth -county of Idaho wiped from the map by judicial interpretation, the county being Clearwater.

1901 Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York, was held and Idaho products were exhibited by a commissioner.

1901 International Mining Congress held at Boise, after which the State's mineral exhibit thereat was made permanent.

1901 Thunder Mountain excitement, in which rich discoveries of gold quartz were made in Idaho County, created a stampede.

1902 Reclamation act, providing moneys received from the sale of public lands be expended for the construction and maintenance of irrigation works and storage of water for arid lands, was enacted by Congress.

1902 State election: Burton L. French, Republican, elected congressman to the Fifty-eighth Congress, and John T. Morrison, Republican, gov- ernor of the State.

1902 Vote for governor, November 4th: Republican, 31,874; Democrat, 26,021; Socialist, 1,737; Prohibition, 637. Total, 60,209. Repub- lican plurality, 5,858.

1902 Eighth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing that

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 35

the Legislature shall pass laws to provide for the health and safety

of employes in factories, smelters, mines and ore reduction works. 1903 Seventh session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 5th

with sixty-seven members; Republican majority. 1903 Weldon B. Heyburn, Republican, was elected by the State Legislature

a United States senator to serve until March 4, 1909. 1903 Idaho Industrial Training School established at St. Anthony as a

reform school for the care, protection, training and education of

delinquent, dependent and neglected children. 1903 Bounty on beet sugar resulted in the successful cultivation of sugar

beets and the manufacture of beet sugar in the southeastern part of

the State. 1903 Dairy, food and sanitary inspector was provided with duties to

enforce the law for the protection, manufacture and sale of dairy

products, foods, drinks, illuminating oils and sanitation. 1903 Sixth Judicial District was formed composed of Fremont, Bingham,

Lemhi and Ouster counties.

1903 System of license for fishing and hunting was enacted for the pro- tection and maintenance of the laws relative to fish and game. 1903 Negotiable instrument law, uniform with the law of other States on

that subject, was enacted. 1903 Right of way of electric power transmission lines encouraged the

utilization of electricity generated by water power from rivers and

flowing streams. 1903 Effective regulation and control of great combinations of capital

called "trusts" was prayed for by the Legislature in a memorial to

Congress.

1903 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad was extended and made a transcontinental line, crossing northern Idaho.

1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis was held at which an executive commissioner made an exhibit of the natural and industrial products of the State.

1904 National election: Theodore Roosevelt, Republican, elected Presi- dent; Burton L. French, Republican, congressman for a second term and to the Fifty-ninth Congress; and Frank R. Gooding, Republican, governor of the State.

1904 Vote for President, November 8th: Republican, 47,783; Democrat, 18,480; Socialist, 4,949; Prohibition, 1,013. Total, 72,225. Repub- lican plurality, 29-,303.

1905 Eighth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 2d with seventy-one members; Republican majority.

1905 State Live Stock Sanitary Board created to protect the live stock interests from theft and disease.

1905 General uniform military law in conformity with suggestions fur- nished by the War Department was enacted for the organization of the State militia.

1905 New capitol building was authorized to be constructed at Boise for legislative, executive and judicial purposes at a cost of $1,000,000.

36 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

1905 Desecration, mutilation or improper use of the United States flag

severely punished by statute. 1905 State bank commissioner was provided for whose duty it was to

examine the financial conditions and methods of the State banks. 1905 Legislature attempted to abolish Kootenai County and create Lewis

and Clark counties therefrom, but the act was declared unconstitu- tional by the Supreme Court. 1905 Northern Idaho Insane Asylum, for the protection and care of the

insane, was established at Orofino. 1905 Pharmacy Board created to examine and license all pharmacists who

wished to practice their profession in the State. 1905 Seventh Judicial District was formed, composed of Canyon, Owyhee

and Washington counties. 1905 Interstate commerce in adulterated, misbranded and deleterious

foods, drugs and medicines prayed to be prohibited by Congress in a

memorial by the Legislature. 1905 Three electoral votes of Idaho were cast for Theodore Roosevelt, the

Republican presidential candidate. 1905 Lewis and Clark Exposition at Portland, Oregon, was held, at which

a commissioner made a display of objects illustrating the history,

progress, moral and material welfare of the State. 1905 State Federation of Woman's Clubs established at Boise, having for

its object legislation pertaining to civic improvement, sanitation, art

culture and artistic development. 1905 Ex-Governor Frank Steunenberg assassinated by Harry Orchard at

Caldwell at the instigation of the officers of the Western Federation

of Miners. 1905 Lemhi Indians agreed to relinquish their reservation and remove, as

a tribe, to Fort Hall, where they would receive lands and an annual

money payment.

1905 Twin Falls Irrigation Tract, a Carey act project, was completed, reclaiming several thousand acres of arid lands.

19-06 Largest sawmill in the United States, with a daily capacity of 750,000 feet, was built by Weyerhaeuser syndicate at Potlatch, open- ing to trade the vast lumber interests.

1906 Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation was allotted to the Indians in severalty of one hundred and sixty acres each and the surplus was sold for their benefit.

1906 State election: Burton L. French, Republican, elected congressman for a third term and to the Sixtieth Congress, and Frank R. Gooding, Republican, re-elected governor of the State.

1906 Vote for governor, November 6th: Republican, 38,386; Democrat, 29,496; Socialist, 4,650; Prohibition, 1,937. Total, 73,569. Repub- lican plurality, 8,890.

1906 Ninth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing that the rate of taxation should never exceed 10 mills on each $1 of assess- able valuation.

1907 Ninth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 7th with seventy-three members; Republican majority.

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 37

1907 William E. Borah, Republican, elected a United States senator by

the Legislature to serve until March 4, 1913. 1907 Attempting to influence any member of the Legislature to vote for

or against any measure pending therein defined as lobbying and made

unlawful. 1907 Preservation of forests provided for by the creation of fire wardens

to patrol timber lands. 1907 Twenty-second county created in Idaho was Twin Falls, with Twin

Falls the county seat, including the western part of Cassia County. 1907 Twenty-third county created in Idaho was Bonner, with Sandpoint the

county seat, including the northern part of Kootenai County. 1907 Practice of osteopathy, a system, method or science of treating dis- eases, was regulated by examination and registration. 1907 Preservation of the records, history, relics and mementoes of the

Grand Army of the Republic, Idaho Department, provided for in

rooms at the State house. 1907 Practice of optometry was regulated by a board of examiners who

issue certificates of registration therefor. 1907 State Board of Health created for the purpose of collecting vital

statistics and enforcing the laws of health. 1907 Sunday as a day of public rest was provided for, and all places of

business and public amusement closed and prohibited. 1907 Summer normal schools for training teachers were located at Boise,

Pocatello and Coeur d'Alene. 1907 Historical Society of Idaho was formed to collect and preserve all

things pertaining to the historical data of the State. 1907 State flag for Idaho was adopted, which was made of blue, charged

with the name of the State in colors. 1907 State Fish Hatchery, for the artificial propagation and distribution

of food and commercial fishes, was located on Silver Creek, near Hay

Spur, in Blaine County. 1907 State Board of Highway Commissioners was formed to have control

and supervision of roads, bridges and trails constructed at the expense

of the State and keep them in proper repair. 1907 State Grain Commission was provided whose duty it was to establish

standards for grain and fix rules and regulations for grading and

weighing the same. 1907 Forest reserve policy of the National Government as administered is

detrimental to the interests of Idaho was proclaimed in a memorial

to Congress by the Legislature. 1907 Lemhi Indians removed to Fort Hall, where they received in sever-

alty one hundred and sixty acres each of farming and grazing lands

on that reserve. 1907 Moyer, Haywood and Pettibone, officers of the Western Federation

of Miners, were tried on the charge of conspiracy in the murder of

ex-Governor Frank Steunenberg, but the trial resulted in an acquittal. 1907 Minidoka project of Blaine and Cassia counties, a Federal under- taking under the reclamation act, converted several thousand acres

38 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

of arid lands into an irrigable area fitted for cultivation and homes.

1907 Financial panic in the nation interfered with business in the State, tying up the money of the country in the banks.

1908 Idaho Revised Codes, a complete, simplified code of all laws of the State then in force, was published.

1908 First conference of governors at the White House in Washington was held, at which Governor Frank R. Gooding represented Idaho.

1908 Under President Roosevelt's forest reserve policy one-half of the State was organized into national forest reserves.

1908 Frank S. Dietrich was appointed Federal judge of the United States District Court for Idaho, James W. Beatty having resigned.

1908 National election: William H. Taft, Republican, elected President; Thomas R. Hamer, Republican, congressman to the Sixty-first Con- gress; and James H. Brady, Republican, governor of the State.

1908 Vote for President, November 3d: Republican, 52,621; Democrat, 36,162; Socialist, 6,400; Prohibition, 1,986. Total, 97,169. Repub- lican plurality, 16,459-.

1908 Tenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing that assessors and tax collectors be empowered to appoint deputies and clerical assistance.

1909 Tenth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 4th witn seventy-six members; Republican majority.

1909 Eighth Judicial District was formed, composed of Kootenai and Bonner counties.

1909 Indeterminate sentence law was enacted whereby persons convicted of felony should be sentenced a term not less than the minimum, nor more than the maximum, to be determined by the prison board.

1909 Local option law, to regulate, restrict and prohibit the sale of intox- icating liquors in the several counties by vote of the people, was enacted.

1909 Decoration and Labor days were made holidays to be observed thru- out the State.

1909 Liability of employers and masters for damage to employes injured or killed in the employment or service of said employer or master was enacted.

1909 Direct primary law enacted requiring a majority of all votes to nominate a candidate and providing a preferential or second choice vote.

1909 State School Law Commission for Idaho was enacted to investigate educational conditions and familiarize itself with the school law.

1909 Effect of alcoholic drinks, stimulants and narcotics on the human system made a branch of study in the common schools.

1909 Branch agricultural secondary schools and branch experimental sta- tions were established, one each in northern and southern Idaho.

1909 Creation of rural high school districts for the establishment, control and maintenance of rural high schools was provided by law.

1909 Lands around Payette lakes were converted into a public park and dedicated to the use of the general public.

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 39

l!iii!> II. \ I. urn Park ;»t Chatcolet was established for free public use and

enjoyment of nil the people. I !'n!» siioxiinjir Falls wore improved, dedicated and maintained as a State

park for the free use and enjoyment of the public. 1900 Wrldon H. Hoylmrn was re-elected a United States senator by the

State Legislature- to serve until March 4, 1915. 1909 Throe elect urn 1 votes of Idaho were cast for William H. Taft, the

Republican presidential candidate.

1909 Alaska-Yukon Exposition at Seattle was held at which a State com- missioner properly exhibited the products and resources of Idaho. 1909 piscovery of the north pole by Lieutenant Robert E. Peary put an

end to the mythical Northwest Passage thru North America to Asia

and disapproved an open sea at the pole.

1909 Statue of George L. Shoup was placed by the State in National Statuary Hall at the Capitol of the United States to honor and rep- resent Idaho therein.

1910 King Hill Irrigation Project, a Carey act project of southern Idaho, was constructed, reclaiming a vast amount of arid lands.

1910 Northern Pacific System begins the construction of a railroad down

the Salmon River by building the Gilmore & Pittsburg to Salmon

City.

1910 Fifth census of Idaho was taken by the thirteenth census enumera- tors, showing a population of 325,594, or 3.91 persons to the square

mile. 1910 History of Idaho, by John Hailey, State librarian, was published by

the State. 1910 Halley's comet returned, passed around the sun and moved off again

into space without any wonderful portent happening. 1910 State election : Burton L. French, Republican, elected congressman

for a fourth term and to the Sixty-second Congress, and James H.

Hawley, Democrat, governor of the State. 1910 Vote for governor, November 8th: Democrat, 40,856; Republican,

39,961 ; Socialist, 5,342. Total, 86,159. Democrat plurality, 895. 1910 Eleventh amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing

that sheriffs and assessors could succeed themselves in office. 1910 Twelfth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing

that should a judge of the Supreme Court be disqualified or unable

to sit in a cause, a district judge could be called in and sit in court. 1910 Thirteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, permitting

the Legislature to authorize a sufficient bond issue to complete the

construction of the State capitol building.

1910 Fourteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, adding the State auditor as a member of the Board of Land Commissioners, making the membership consist of five.

1911 Eleventh session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 2d with eighty-two members; Republican majority.

1911 Twenty-fourth county created in Idaho was Bonneville, with Idaho

40 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

Falls the county seat, including the northern part of Bingham County.

1911 Twenty-fifth county created in Idaho was Clearwater, with Orofino the county seat, including the northern part of Nez Perce County.

1911 Twenty-sixth county created in Idaho was Adams, with Council the county seat, including the northern part of Washington County.

1911 Twenty-seventh county created in Idaho was Lewis, with Nez Perce the county seat, including the eastern part of Nez Perce County.

1911 Idaho State School for the Deaf and Blind was located at Gooding.

1911 Black law, providing a commission form of government for certain cities, was enacted.

1911 Ninth Judicial District of the State was formed, composed of Bonne- ville and Fremont counties.

1911 Highway district law was enacted, provided for maintaining perma- nent good roads of hard surface, properly graded and convenient for travel thruout the year.

1911 Sixteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was ratified by the Legislature, providing that Congress shall have power to levy" an income tax.

1911 White Man's Day celebration was held at Milner in commemoration of the Hunt- Astoria party which passed thru the Snake River Valley one hundred years before.

1911 Idaho State Sanitarium, for the care, protection, treatment and edu- cation of the feeble minded, was located at Nampa.

1911 Comprehensive system of State banking laws was enacted, providing for the examination, regulation and control of banks and trust com- panies.

1911 Terms of the United States District Court for Idaho were made as follows: Northern at Coeur d'Alene; central at Moscow; southern at Boise; and eastern at Pocatello.

1911 Search and seizure law was enacted for enforcing the intoxicating liquor laws.

1911 Legal holidays in Idaho: Every Sunday; New Year's Day; Wash- ington's Birthday; Decoration Day; Idaho Pioneer Day; Independ- ence Day; Labor Day; Columbus Day; Christmas Day; general election day; any public fast, thanksgiving or holiday made by either the President or governor.

1912 Two representatives in Congress were apportioned to Idaho under the census of 1910, to be elected at large in the State.

1912 K. I. Perky, Democrat, was appointed a United States senator By Governor Hawley to fill the vacancy made by the death of Senator Heyburn, and served until the Legislature elected another.

1912 Extraordinary session of the eleventh session of the State Legisla- ture met at Boise on January 15th with eighty- two members; Repub- lican majority.

1912 Revised revenue laws enacted, providing a new system of assessment, equalization, levy and collection of taxes by assessing all property at 40 per cent of its cash value.

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 41

1912 Forty Carey net projects, to cost $100,000,000 and reclaiming 5,000,- 000 acres of ;n i«l ];m<ls, were formed, making Idaho the foremost State in irrigation.

1912 Federal reserve act placed Idaho in District No. 12, with San Fran- cisco the reserve bank.

1912 Proceedings and debates of the Idaho Constitutional Convention were published by State authority.

1912 National election: Woodrow Wilson, Democrat, elected President; Burton L. French, Republican, congressman for a fifth term, and Addison T. Smith, Republican, congressman, the two congressmen being elected at large to the Sixty-third Congress; and John M. Haines, Republican, Governor of the State.

1912 Vote for President, November 5th : Democrat, 33,921 ; Republican, 32,810; Progressive, 25,527; Socialist, 11,960. Total, 104,218. Demo- crat plurality, 1,111.

1912 Fifteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing for a referendum vote on any act or measure passed by the Legisla- ture and cause the same to be submitted to a vote of the people for approval or rejection.

1912 Sixteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing for the initiative, that legal voters may initiate any desired legis- lation and cause the same to be submitted to the people for approval or rejection.

1912 Seventeenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, allowing the State to issue $2,000,000 of bonds to cover appropriations made by the eleventh session of the Legislature.

1912 Eighteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, allowing one State senator to each county and State representatives not to exceed three for each senator. The old provision allowed eighty-four members only in the Legislature.

1912 Nineteenth amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing for the recall of all officers, except judicial officers.

1912 Twentieth amendment to the State constitution adopted, allowing convicts in the State prison to work at other employment than public works under direct control of the State.

1912 Twenty-first amendment to the State constitution adopted, providing for a State Board of Education to supervise the State educational institutions and the public school system.

1912 Twenty-second amendment to the State constitution adopted, making the county treasurer ex-officio tax collector, and allowing him to appoint deputies and clerical assistance as his office may require.

1913 Twelfth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 6th with eighty-four members ; Republican majority.

1913 Twenty-eighth county created in Idaho was Minidoka, with Rupert the county seat, including the eastern part of Lincoln County.

1913 Twenty-ninth county created in Idaho was Hooding, with Gooding the county seat, including the western part of Lincoln County.

42 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

1913 Thirtieth county created in Idaho was Franklin, with Preston the

county seat, including the southwestern part of Oneida County. 1913 Thirty-first county created in Idaho was Power, with American Falls

the county seat, including portions of Oneida, Bingham and Elaine

counties. 1913 Thirty-second county created in Idaho was Jefferson, with Bigby the

county seat, including the southern part of Fremont County. 1913 Thirty-third county created in Idaho was Madison, with Rexburg the

county seat, including the southern part of Fremont County. 1913 Public Utilities Commission was formed with jurisdiction over all

public utilities and public services.

1913 State Board of Education was created with a commissioner of educa- tion to have general supervision, government and control of the public

schools of the State. 1913 Seventeenth amendment to the United States Constitution, providing

for the election of United States senators by direct vote of the people,

was ratified by the Legislature. 1913 Universal use of automobiles and motor vehicles created a necessity

for a law of the road which was enacted by the Legislature. 1913 Contribution to the Washington National Monument was made by the

State with a suitable tablet containing an engraved inscription. 1913 Dry farming industry became an important one of the State, result- ing from the agricultural extension and experimental station work

along the lines of scientific farming. 1913 State Board of Tax- Commissioners was created which shall exercise

power and authority over boards of assessment and equalization and

enforce all laws relating to taxes. 1913 Comprehensive system of revenue for State, county, municipal and

school purposes was enacted, bringing the subject of taxation up to

modern methods. 1913 Standard weights and measures for Idaho were adopted, giving the

units of standard for most products and commodities. 1913 Comprehensive insurance laws were adopted, creating an insurance

department, regulating the insurance business and bringing it up to

modern methods. 1913 State Board of Veterinarian Examination was provided whose duties

were to examine and license applicants to practice veterinarian

medicine, surgery and dentistry.

1913 National migratory bird law to prevent the slaughtering and exter- mination of migratory birds was prayed for in a memorial to Con- gress by the Legislature. 1913 Early History of Idaho, by William J. McConnell, was published by

State authority. 1913 National parcel post law, whereby parcels of merchandise could be

sent cheaply through the mails, greatly benefitted the buying public

and mail facilities in the State. 1913 James H. Brady, Republican, elected by the Legislature a United

States senator to serve out Senator Heyburn's term, ending March 4,

1915.

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 43

1913 William E, Borah, Republican, elected by the Legislature a United States senator for a second term to serve until March 4, 1919.

1913 Four electoral votes of Idaho were cast for Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic presidential candidate.

1914 State election: James H. Brady, Republican, elected United States senator to serve until March 4, 1921 ; Addison T. Smith, Republican, congressman for a second term, and Robert McCracken, Republican, congressman, the two congressmen being elected at large for the Sixty-fourth Congress ; and Moses Alexander, Democrat, governor of the State.

1914 Vote for governor, November 3d: Democrat, 47,018; Republican, 40,349; Progressive, 10,583; Socialist, 7,967. Total, 106,517. Demo- crat plurality, 7,269.

1915 Thirteenth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 4th with ninety-four members ; Republican majority.

1915 Thirty-fourth county created in Idaho was Benewah, with St. Maries

the county seat, including the southern part of Kootenai County. 1915 Thirty- fifth county created in Idaho was Boundary, with Bonners

Ferry the county seat, including the northern part of Bonner County. 1915 Thirty-sixth county created in Idaho was Teton, with Driggs the

county seat, including the eastern part of Madison County. 1915 Thirty-seventh county created in Idaho was Gem, with Emmett the

county seat, including the northeastern part of Canyon County. 1915 Bone dry prohibition law was enacted, making it unlawful for any

person to import, ship, sell, transport, deliver, receive or have in his

possession intoxicating liquors within the State. 1915 Director of farm markets was created to promote the production and

distribution of farm products and to improve country life. 1915 Uniform bill of lading act, relating to bills of lading issued by com- mon carriers and prescribing the rules governing the same, was enacted. 1915 Uniform warehouse receipts act, relating to warehouse receipts issued

by warehousemen and prescribing rules governing the same, was

enacted. 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco was held

whore products and industries of the State were exhibited with good

results by a commissioner.

1915 Columbia River Basin opened to continuous river communication with the Pacific Ocean by the completion of the Dalles-Celilo Canal.

1916 Second Idaho Regiment of Infantry Volunteers organized and mus- tered into service for Mexican Border War at call of President Wilson.

1916 National grazing homestead act, providing for three hundred and twenty acres of grazing lands, made available a range pasture for live stock uses.

1916 Federal farm loan act, providing capital for agricultural develop- ment, was enacted, aiding that industry of the State.

1916 National election: Woodrow Wilson, Democrat, re-elected Presi- dent ; Addison T. Smith, Republican, congressman for a third term, and Burton L. French, Republican, congressman for a sixth term,

44 IDAHO CHRONOLOGY

two congressmen elected at large and to the Sixty-fifth Congress; and Moses Alexander, Democrat, re-elected governor of the State.

1916 Vote for President, November 7th: Democrat, 70,054; Republican, 55,368; Socialist, 8,066; Prohibition, 1,127. Total, 134,615. Demo- crat plurality, 14,686.

1916 Twenty- third amendment to the State constitution . adopted, prohibit- ing forever the manufacture, sale, keeping for sale and transporting for sale of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes.

1916 Twenty- fourth amendment to the State constitution adopted, provid- ing that one hundred instead of twenty-five sections of school lands shall be sold in any one year.

1917 Fourteenth session of the State Legislature met at Boise on January 8th with 102 members ; Democrat majority.

1917 Thirty-eighth county created in Idaho was Payette, with Payette the county seat, including the northern part of Canyon County.

1917 Thirty-ninth county created in Idaho was Camas, with Fairfield the county seat, including the western part of Elaine County.

1917 Fortieth county created in Idaho was Butte, with Arco the county seat, including parts of Blaine, Jefferson and Bingham counties.

1917 Forty-first county created in Idaho was Valley, with Cascade the county seat, including parts of Idaho and Boise counties.

1917 Forty-second county created in Idaho was Selway, with Koosia the county seat, including parts of Idaho and Lewis counties.

1917 Judicial districts of the State are: First, Shoshone; Second, Latah, Clearwater, Selway; Third, Ada, Boise, Owyhee, Valley; Fourth, Blaine, Cassia, Elmore, Gooding, Lincoln, Minidoka, Twin Falls, Camas; Fifth, Bannock, Bear Lake, Franklin, Oneida, Power; Sixth, Bingham, Butte, Custer, Lemhi; Seventh, Adams, Canyon, Gem, Pay- ette, Washington; Eighth, Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Kootenai; Ninth, Bonneville, Fremont, Jefferson, Madison, Teton ; Tenth, Idaho, Lewis, Nez Perce.

1917 First Congressional District was formed, composed of Adams, Boise, Boundary, Bonner, Benewah, Custer, Canyon, Clearwater, Gem, Idaho, Kootenai, Lewis, Lemhi, Latah, Nez Perce, Payette, Shoshone, Selway, Washington and Valley counties.

1917 Second Congressional District was formed, composed of Ada, Ban- nock, Blaine, Bingham, Bonneville, Bear Lake, Butte, Cassia, Camas, Elmore, Franklin, Fremont, Gooding, Jefferson, Lincoln, Madison, Minidoka, Oneida, Owyhee, Power, Twin Falls and Teton counties.

1917 Teachers' retirement fund, providing a pension for old teachers and old age insurance and caring for those permanently injured, was enacted.

1917 Classification of counties with salaries paid county commissioners: First, Bonner, Twin Falls, $1,500; Second, Ada, Canyon, $900; Third, Latah, Kootenai, Elmore, Clearwater, Payette, Owyhee, Bonne- ville, Benewah, Boise, Fremont, Idaho, Nez Perce, Shoshone, $700 ; Fourth, Minidoka, Boundary, Custer, Lemhi, Bannock, Bingham, Lincoln, Lewis, Washington, Valley, Selway, $500; Fifth, Adams, Blaine, Bear Lake, Butte, Camas, Cassia, Franklin, Gooding, Jeffer- son, Teton, Madison, Oneida, Gem, Power, $300.

IDAHO CHRONOLOGY 45

1017 Fi\v annual terms of the Supreme Court were provided for, of which two shall be held at Boise, one at Lewiston, one at Coeur d'Alene and one at Pocatello.

1917 Federal good road act was accepted by the Legislature relating to the survey, construction and maintenance of good roads thruout the State.

1917 State Board of Agriculture was created with duties to promote the interests of agriculture, horticulture, stock raising, animal industry, manufacture, domestic arts and other industries of the State.

1917 Annual State fair at Boise was created for the purpose of exhibiting agricultural, horticultural, mining, mechanical, industrial and other resources.

1917 Annual live stock show at Lewiston was created for the special advancement of the live stock industry of the State.

1917 Big Lost River Game Preserve in Custer and Blaine counties was created to protect game birds, game and fur-bearing animals, and to establish a breeding place therefor.

1917 Selway Game Preserve in Idaho County was created to protect game and fur-bearing animals and to establish a breeding place therefor.

1917 Big Creek Game Preserve in Lemhi County was created to protect game birds, game and fur-bearing animals, and to establish a breed- ing place therefor.

1917 City manager plan of government was adopted for the administration of the affairs of certain cities.

1917 Workman's compensation act, to provide for the compensation of employes for personal injuries sustained in the course of public and industrial employment, was enacted.

1917 State Board of Architect Examiners, to pass on the qualifications and duties of architects and to issue licenses therefor, was enacted.

1917 Amendments to the United States Constitution providing for the ab- solute abolition of the liquor traffic and for the equal right of suffrage for women was prayed for in a memorial to Congress by the Legislature.

1917 Four electoral votes of Idaho were cast for Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic presidential candidate.

1917 Indian war pension bill enacted by Congress for those who had par- ticipated in the western Indian wars helped out many who had volun- teered in these wars.

1917 Arrowrock Dam on the Boise River, 350 feet high and costing $5,000,- 000, was constructed for the Boise-Payette project to irrigate an empire of virgin soil.

1!H7 World's war for democracy received a hearty approval in Idaho, resulting in generous contributions for Liberty bonds, Red Cross, Y. M. C. A. and other helpful funds.

1917 Energies of the State directed almost exclusively to drives, drafts, production and conservation of food products and other things help- ful to make the world safe for democracy.

1918 John F. Nugent, Democrat, was appointed a United States senator by Governor Alexander to fill the vacancy made by the death of James H. Brady and to serve until the next State election.

IDAHO— ITS MEANING, ORIGIN AND APPLICATION*

By JOHN E. REES

ONSIDERABLE speculation has been indulged and much thought 1 expended regarding the word "Idaho"; its origin, meaning and

^~* the manner in which it came to be applied. Other writers have expressed opinions and published their knowledge concerning this word or name, creating rather an extensive literature on the subject, while both the wise and otherwise have guessed at its meaning. My object in this article is an endeavor to assemble this information and offer an explanation of the word from the light of other facts perhaps not yet known, and at any rate not yet published. These, it seems to me, will give a fairly good interpretation of the word.

"Idaho" has been so nicely explained and elaborated so profusely by the poetical and idealist that Idahoans feel proud of a name which signifies such a noble and expressive thought as the "Gem of the Mountains"; and whatever the word may have originally meant, this is its meaning to us now, and one not to be now molested. It is not my wish or purpose in this article to disturb this meaning, nor to detract one iota from its inspir- ing sentiment, but simply to offer a version of the matter, for history's sake, from my knowledge of the Shoshoni Indian language, gained by forty years' residence near the Lemhis, one division of the Shoshoni tribe and among whom I was Indian trader for fifteen years.

"Idaho" is a Shoshoni Indian exclamation. The expression from which the word is derived is heard repeated as often perhaps in a Shoshoni Indian camp, in the early part of the morning, as is heard the English expression, "It's sun up," repeated in the home following the early dawn. The word is contracted from a meaning which requires much writing to correctly express it in English. Those who are used to translating lan- guages readily understand the difficulties of this labor, which at times becomes almost an impossible task. The word "Idaho" consists of three component parts, each of which must be analyzed to correctly understand its derivation and the idea conveyed. The first is "Ee," which in English conveys the idea of "coming down." This syllable is the basis of such Shoshoni words as mean "raining," "snowing," etc., which words when properly translated would be, "water coming down," "snow coming down," etc. The second syllable is "Dah," which is the Shoshoni stem or root for both "sun" and "mountain," the one being as eternal and everlasting to the Indian mind as is the other. The third syllable, "How," denotes the exclamation and stands for just the same thing in Indian as the exclama- tion mark ( ! ) does in the English language. The Shoshoni word is "Ee- dah-how," and the Indian thought thus conveyed when literally translated into English means, "Behold! the sun coming down the mountain."

* Reprinted from Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, 1917.

46

IDAHO— ITS MEANING, ORIGIN AND APPLICATION 47

The mere word does not indicate much, for it is composed of simple syllables, the significance of which requires pages of written English to correctly convey the idea which this exclamation suggests to the aboriginal mind. Every one who has lived in a mountainous country has observed at sunrise the rim of sunlight coming down the mountain side as the sun was rising in the opposite direction. This is the Shoshoni "Ee-dah-how." It can only occur in and among the mountains which is represented by the English thought, "the lofty mountains upon which the morning breaks." Also, it can occur only at those times when the atmosphere is still, clear and bright, elements producing that invigorating and exhilarating feeling which only high, mountainous countries possess.

In the imagination this sunlight on the mountain side can be inter- preted to mean "Sunshine Mountain," or "Shining Mountain," and the rim of sunlight can also represent the "Diadem on the Mountain," while a peculiar sunlit peak could be imagined a "Sun-Crowned Peak," or a brilliant display of sunlight upon a snow-capped mountain where the rays of sun- shine are refracted into their natural colors may convey to us the thought or image of the "Gem of the Mountains"; but when the word is uttered in a Shoshoni camp, at early dawn, the hearer knows that a rim of sunlight is coming down the mountain side as the sun is rising in the opposite direction, and that it is time for him to be up and at the labors of the day; just as much so as a person hearing the English expression, "It's sun up," knows that the sun has risen in the sky and he should be up and at work.

The idea conveyed by "Ee-dah-how" may be a kind of sun worship as contended by some, but it appears to me to be no more so than is the English expression, "It's sun up." This exclamation expresses to the primeval mind a confidence in the continuance of nature, for the sun has returned to replenish all things, and this display on the mountain side is the evidence; and to the Indian mind this exhibition of an eternal sun making its first appearance upon an everlasting mountain denotes a stable- ness worthy of his attention and is his signal to arise, as he habitually does at the first appearance of "Ee-dah-how."

The effect which day and night might have had upon the habits of primitive man is a subject within the province of the anthropologist. However, we are informed that civilized man is ofttimes influenced by custom survivals and will, long after the necessary fact for a certain action has ceased, continue to act as if it were still in existence. Whatever might have been the reason in times past, we know and realize that the expres- sion, "It's sun up," has a meaning to the majority of mankind of an influ- ence which the rising sun has upon his actions. The emphasis in this expression, "Ee-dah-how," is placed upon the "Dah" syllable, as it is the keynote to the utterance, for the eternal sun arrayed upon the everlasting mountain is the splendor which the speaker wishes to especially impress upon his hearer. The Indian has a name for sunrise, sunset, morning and evening, but "Ee-dah-how" conveys the idea of a beginning or renewal of natural phenomena, and the sunrise is the symbol, while other parts of the day follow in sequence only and do not attract the same attention, senti- ment or acknowledgment.

48 IDAHO— ITS MEANING, OK1G1N AND APPLICATION

The bhoshonean Indians were the third family, in the extent of terri- tory occupied, of the fiftyrfive tiiat formerly inhabited the United States. The Shoshoni are one tribe of this great Slioshonean family, of which the Comanche are another. The two tribes speak almost the same language, varying only in dialect; their traditions are very similar and they readily converse with and understand each other. Ethnologists consider the Comanche an offshoot of the Shoshoni. It was not many years ago, geolog- ically considered, when they lived adjacent to each other in southern Wyom- ing, from which place the Shoshoni were gradually beaten back by other Indians into the mountains, while the Comanche were forced southward, so that the first rush of miners to Pike's Peak in 1858, and what afterwards became known as Colorado, found this tribe within this territory and located especially along the Arkansas . River. The country was at that time a part of Kansas. Here, also, they came in contact with the "lofty mountains upon which the morning breaks," which were quite numerous and in commanding evidence. As all the elements were present, it was no wronder that they found the expression, "Ee-dah-how," a familiar one in this new Eldorado, and the word "Idaho" was known to almost every one and was said by all who had any knowledge of it to mean "Gem of the Mountains." The first permanent settlement made by those hardy pioneers in this new territory in 1859 was named for this Shoshoni word and called "Idaho Springs." In 1861, when Congress organized this new territory, "Idaho" was proposed as its name, which should have been applied to it, but the Spanish word "Colorado," which referred to a river and country foreign to this new country and which had no application whatever, was selected instead. This selection was suggested by Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts, who wras afterwards Vice-President associated with Gen- eral Grant in the presidency, and who was chiefly responsible for the naming of Colorado, Idaho and Montana.

The next heard of this word was when "Idahoe" was applied to a steamboat launched at Victoria, British Columbia, in the fall of I860. It was built for the Yale Steamboat Company to run upon the Fraser River, and was so called by one of the owners for his former home in Colorado, "Idaho Springs," which was an Indian word signifying "Gem of the Mountains," but the name of the steamboat was soon changed to "Fort Yale," and it was afterwards blown up by a boiler explosion.

The permanent settlement of Idaho Territory began with the discovery of gold at Pierce City, on Oro Fino Creek, in I860. It was then a part of Washington Territory, and the name "Idaho" was not known or applied at that time. The rush to these mines was made principally by the Colum- bia River route, and so extensive did the traffic, carried on by river boats, become that a company was formed, called the Oregon Steam Navigation Company, of which Colonel J. S. Ruckel was a stockholder. One of the steamboats constructed by this company plying on the Columbia River was called the "Idaho," and launched in 1860. Mr. George H. Himes, curator of the Oregon Historical Society, informs me that he heard Colonel Ruckel tell Mr. D. C. Ireland, who was the local newsgatherer of the Oregonian,

IDAHO^ITS MEANING, ORIGIN AND APPLICATION 49

in aiiMMT to tlu- question as to the origin and meaning of the name "Idaho," which In- had applied to this steamboat, "That it was an Indian word mean- ing '(.Jem of tin- Mountain*,' and that he got it from a Colorado friend who \\a> interested with him in mining operations in that {State, and he thought the name very appropriate for a steamboat that ran on a river like the Columbia which penetrated a range of mountains like the Cas- eade-." Thus the name became transferred to the great Northwest, and as Joaquin Miller said, "The name was familiar in five thousand men's mouths as they wallowed thru the snow in '01 on their way to the Oro Fino mines."

However, the word became corrupted by these miners into "Idao," but happily thru the writings of the poet Joaquin Miller, the Bard of the ISierras, the proper orthography was restored and for the first time in his- tory an attempt was made to give the origin and meaning of the name and to publish it to the public. Mr. Miller said, "1 was riding pony express at the time rumors reached us thru the Nez Perce Indians that gold was to be found on the headwaters and tributaries of the Salmon River. I had lived with the Indians, and Colonel Craig, who had spent most of his life with them, often talked with me about possible discoveries in the mountains to the right as we rode to Oro Fino, and what the Indians said of the then unknown region. Gallop your horse, as I have a hundred times, against the rising 4un. As you climb the Sweetwater Mountains, far away to your right, you will see the name Idaho written on the mountain top; at least you will see a peculiar and beautiful light at sunrise, a sort of diadem on two grand clusters of mountains that bear away under the clouds fifty miles distant. I called Colonel Craig's attention to this peculiar and beautiful light. 'That,' said he, 'is what the Indians call E-dah-hoe, which means the light or diadem on the line of the mountains.' That wras the first time I ever heard the name. Later, in September, 1861, when I rode into the newly discovered camp to establish an express office, I took with me an Indian from Lapwai. We followed an Indian trail, crossed Craig Moun- tain, then Camas Prairie, and had all the time E-dah-hoe Mount for our objective point. On my return to Lewiston I wrote a letter containing a brief account of our trip and of the mines, and it was published in one of the Oregon papers, which one I have now forgotten. In that account I often mentioned E-dah-hoe, but spelt it Idaho, leaving the pronunciation unmarked by any diacritical signs. Fo that perhaps I may have been the first to give it its present spelling, but I certainly did not originate the word."

In 1858 the Territorial Legislature of Washington created a county within this territory which contained all lands north of the Clearwater, east of the Columbia and west of the Rocky Mountains. It was named Shoshone for the largest tribe of Indians in this section of the country, and in 1861, when the population in the mines demanded it, another county was formed including all lands lying south and west of the Clearwater, and named Nez Perce for the next largest tribe of Idaho Indians. The rest of the Idaho Territory was formed, in 1862, into the largest county ever

50 IDAHO— ITS MEANING, ORIGIN AND APPLICATION

created within the State, embracing all lands lying south of Nez Perce arid east of Snake River, and called Idaho County in recognition of this word. In 1863, Boise County was created, so that Idaho had four counties in existence, formed by the Washington Legislature, when the Territory was organized.

Hon. John Hailey, Idaho's State historian, in his "History of Idaho," says : "The organic act passed by Congress, and approved by the President, March 3, 1863, creating and organizing a territorial government for' the people residing within and those who might come hereafter, in certain limits and boundary lines of territorial lands, gave to that Territory the name Idaho. Various reasons are given for the origin of the name Idaho. By some it is claimed that it is an Indian name. One story is that some miners had camped within sight of what is now Mount Idaho. In the morning they were awakened by the Indians calling 'I-da-ho,' and pointing to the rising sun just coming over the mountain, hence the term 'The Rising Sun.' Another is that the name v was taken from a steamboat built by the late Col. J. S. Ruckel to run on the Columbia River in the early days. This boat was named 'The Idaho.' W. A. Goulder, one of the oldest living (now dead) pioneers of Idaho, saw this steamer on the Columbia in 1860, and noticing the name, asked the meaning, and was informed that it was an Indian word, 'E-dah-hoe,' and stood for 'The Gem of the Mountains.' Frederick Campbell, one of the pioneers of the Pike's Peak excitement, says that the word Idaho is an Arapaho Indian word, and that in Colorado a spring was named Idaho before the word was known in the Northwest, and that it was even suggested for the name of Colorado."

Col. William H. Wallace was delegate in Congress from Washington Territory when the bill was passed in 1863 organizing from the eastern por- tion of Washington, a new Territory, which wras named Idaho. Mrs. Wallace was in Washington, District of Columbia, at the time, and her account of the episode, which was afterwards published in the Tacoma Ledger, is as follows: "I may refer with pride to my connection with the establishment of the Territory of Idaho at the expiring days of the session of Congress, 1862-63. Quite a delegation was present at Washington City who favored the division of Washington Territory, which then included all of Idaho and Montana west of the Rocky Mountains, extending as far south as the northern line of California and Nevada. It was an immense region and contained South Pass, the great entrance of Oregon, Washington and Cali- fornia, by the great immigrant route. The colonel was overjoyed at the assured passage of the bill, which he had in charge, and his friends who had assembled at his rooms joined with him in conferring upon me the high privilege of naming the new Territory. I answered, 'Well, if I am to name it, the Territory shall be called Idaho, for my little niece, who was born near Colorado Springs, whose name is Idaho, from an Indian chief's daughter of that name, so called for her beauty, meaning 'Gem of the Mountains.' Dr. Anson G. Henry, the surveyor-general of Washington Territory, then on a visit to Washington City, was in the room. He clapped his hands upon his knees and said to me, 'Mrs. Wallace, Idaho it shall be.'

IDAHO— ITS MEANING, PlUGiN AND Ai'i'LICATiON 51

Hie e\ filing ot the day upon which the bill was passed my nu>band came home ;iii«l -aid. -\>eil, Liu-, \ou~\e got your lenitoi\, and I'm to be gov- ernor ui it. A -holt tiim- alter tin- lull was signed my hii>kmd \\a> appointed it- inM gnu-nun-, ami al the first elect lun held in the ne\\ ly oii^ani/.ed Tei utory, lie wa> >elceted delegate to Congress."

There were others beside .Mrs. \\allace who claimed the honor of naming Idaho Territory, and while their contributory suggestions may have had -ome inllueiice in designating it, yet the true history of the appli- cation of the word to this particular geographical territory for political administration discloses the fact that it occurred in an ordinary way, and that instead of any sentiment influencing the act, it was simply a rr-ult. of legislative enactment. In the fall of 18G1, Wallace, Gartield and Lander were candidates for congressional delegate from Washington Terri- tory, and while stumping the country during the campaign, met at Pierce City. The people inhabiting this section of the country were so far from Olympia, the capital, and had for some time agitated a division of the ea-tern part of Washington Territory, so, thru the solicitation and request of these people, each of these candidates agreed 'that whoever was elected would favor this division, and every one agreed that "Idaho" should be the name of the new Territory. That this agreement was carried out is proven by the fact that Mr. Wallace, the successful candidate, at once had intro- duced in Congress a bill creating the new Territory of Idaho.

The congressional history of this act shows that in the committee to which the bill had been referred three names were suggested, namely, Shoshone, Montana and Idaho, and that in the bill as it passed the House of Representatives the name of "Montana" was applied to this new Terri- tory. When the matter came before the Senate for consideration, the bill \\a- modified very materially, for, while it scarcely included what is now Idaho, the modified bill included all of the present States of Montana and Wyoming, in which form it was approved and became the law. Later these States were created out of Idaho. Senator Wilson moved to strike out the word "Montana" and insert "Idaho" in its stead. To this Senator Harding of Oregon agreed, saying, "Idaho in English means 'Gem of the Moun- tains.' " Senator Wilson's amendment was agreed to, and when the bill went back to the House it was concurred in and the new Territory was henceforth designated Idaho.

Thus Senator Wilsrn selected the name Idaho, whilst Senator Harding was instrumental in continuing its meaning. How^ the Shoshoni Indian word "Efi-dah-how" was eventually transformed into the English word "Idaho" is a task for the etymologist; but, whatever may be its etymology, the word "Idaho" and its meaning, "Gem of the Mountains," are forever fixed as correlated terms in the vocabulary of the people of Idaho.

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

AGENCY CREEK, Lemhi County.— This stream is a tributary of the Lemhi River and was the first creek which Captain Meriwether Lewis came upon when he entered the Columbia River Basin on August 12, 1805. The Lewis and Clark trail follows down this creek about a mile, where it passes into the foothills. In 1872, A. J. Smith, an Indian agent, erected some buildings near the mouth of this stream for the Lemhi Indian agency, from which incident the creek received its present name. — REEti, History of Lemhi County.

ALTURAS LAKE, Elaine County. — This name was first applied to one of the counties of Idaho and is a Spanish word meaning "mountainous heights." It was given to the new county that was formed in 1864, and was said by the miners who inhabited that part of the country to mean "Heavenly Heights." The county was abolished, by legislative enactment; the name still adheres to this lake. — BANCROFT, History of Washington, Idaho and Montana.

AMERICAN. — While anything pertaining to the western hemisphere is "American," yet in all countries the use of this word is restricted to the citizens of the United States and was always so used in the settle- ment of the West. The Indian name for "American" is "Soo-yaw- pee," which means "Su-wop," "ghost" and "Pee," "people" or "ghost people." The name was applied to them from the incident of the first meeting with some "Americans" that must have been "Yankees" who were anxious to trade with the Indians, always bantering them to "swop," which word meant "ghost" with the Shoshonis. The word became applied to all "Americans" by almost all the Rocky Mountain and Great Basin Indians. They have a distinct name for a white man, but it is different with each tribe, while this name is almost univer- sal.— STUART, Montana As It Is.

AMERICAN FALLs, Power County. — These falls derive their name from the circumstance of a number of trappers, members of some of the American fur companies, in going down the Snake River in canoes, not aware of their proximity to the falls, were hurried along by the vio- lence of the current; and passing over the falls, but one of their num- ber survived. This occurred in the late '20s. The Hunt-Astoria party (q. v.) were the first white men to see and visit these falls, which they did as they passed them in October, 1811, after losing a boat in trying to get over them. — PALMER, Journal of Travels; IRVING, Astoria.

BANNOCK. — This word is of Scotch origin and means a thick cake made of oatmeal, baked over the fire. The name is generally used for Ban- nack ( q. v. ) , although when so used is misapplied.

52

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 53

BANNACK.— This name is derived from a tribe of Indians that belong to

the Sh<»ti<mr;tn taiuily (q. v. ) . The word is of Shoshoni origin and means "Damp," "hair" and "nack," "a backward motion," alluding to the manner in which the tribe wore a tuft of hair thrown back from the forehead. "Bamp-nack" was changed to the more euphonious word "Bannack" and is an entirely different word from Bannock ( q. v. ) , which latter is a Scotch word and is always misapplied when used in reference to this tribe of Indians. They call themselves "Panaita," which they claim means "Southern People." Their habitat was the country lying between Raft River ( q. 1). ) and the Portneuf Mountains (q. v.), ceded to them by treaty with Chief Pokatello (q. v.). They were a proud but quarrelsome people; tall, slender and a lighter com- plexion than the Shoshonis (q. v.) , and while averse to manual labor, yet were the bravest Indians of the Rocky Mountain region ; they were ofttimes heartless, cruel and bloodthirsty. The men were among the finest looking of their race; the women being noted as the ugliest of western tribes. The country occupied by them lay athwart both the Oregon and Overland trails ( q. v. ) . By various treaties they are now on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation (q. v.) — REES, History of Lemhi County.

BANNOCK PASS, Lemhi County.— This is the pass over the Continental Divide of the Rocky Mountains (q. v.) at the head of Horse Prairie Creek, or Shoshoni cove ( q. v. ) , and is so called because it is the pass over which the wagon road crossed from Bannack, Montana, to Junction, Idaho, the latter place being so named because it was at the junction of the Bannack road from the east and the Mormon road from the south. It was through this pass the Nez Perce Indians (q. v.) re- crossed from Montana into Idaho during their raids of 1877. The Gilmore & Pittsburg Railroad crosses the Rocky Mountains by tunnel- ing under this pass.

BANNACK INDIAN WAR.— The first treaty made between the United States and the Bannacks (q. v.) was at Box Elder, Utah, in 1863. Among other things it stipulated, "The country claimed by Pokatello, for himself and his people is bounded on the west by Raft River and on the east by the Portneuf Mountains." This treaty having served its purpose, another was entered into at Fort Bridger, Utah, in 1868, stating, "It is agreed that whenever the Bannacks desire a reservation to be set apart for their use, or whenever the President of the United States shall deem it advisable for them to be put upon a reservation, he shall cause a suitable one to be selected for them in their present country, which shall embrace reasonable portions of 'Portneuf' and 'Kansas Prairie' countries." In 1869, President Grant set aside. l>y executive order, the Fort Hall Indian Reservation (q. n.) for the Ban- nacks (7. v.), among other Indians of southern Idaho, but nothing was done about the "Kansas Prairie" country, although the Government officials knew about the mistake in the word "Kansas" and that the Indians claimed "Camas Prairie," where they had for times past gath-

54 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

* ered the caraas root ( q. v. ) , yet the "Camas Prairie" country was thrown open to settlement by the whites. This infringement of the Indian's right, guaranteed by treaty, and the ambitions of Buffalo Horn ( q. v. ) were the cause of this war.

BATTLE, OF BEAR RIVER, Franklin County.— In the three hundred years' contest on the American continent between the white and the red man for supremacy, a victory for the white man was called a "battle," but a victory for the red man was called a "massacre." A massacre occurs where one side is helpless and the other, being armed, proceeds to slay without possible resistance. Indians have massacred unarmed white men, women and children, and likewise the whites have massacred unarmed red men, women and children. At Little Big Horn, on June 25, 1876, the Indians' threw7 down the gage of battle. General Custer accepted it, and in the fight which ensued his entire command of 264 men, except a scout, was killed. This is called the Custer "massacre." At Bear River, on January 29, 1863, General Connor threw down the gage of battle and Chief Pokatello (q. v.) accepted it, and in the fight which ensued 267 Indians, of which ninety were women and children, were killed and only sixteen of his followers escaped. This is called a "battle." Such nomenclature is scarcely consistent.

BEAR. — This wrord is of Anglo-Saxon origin and means "warrior," coming from the practice of giving names of fierce animals to men of valor. It belongs to the Ursus family; the grizzly being the king of American wild beasts. Its color varies, sometimes having a preponderance of white and called the "white bear," especially by Lewis and Clark. The grizzly is about six feet in length and averages about five hundred pounds in weight ; exceedingly powerful arid extremely tenacious of life. All bears hibernate (winter sleep), but before doing so grow very fat (bear grease), which is gradually consumed by the system to sustain life during the winter. The young are born in midwinter, naked and blind, requiring five weeks before they can see and become covered with hair. From the days of the earliest explorers of the Rocky Mountain regions, grizzly bears have borne the undisputed title of America's fiercest and most dangerous big game. In early days, hav- ing little fear of the primitive weapons of the Indians, they were bold and indifferent to the presence of man, and no higher badge of supreme courage and prowress could be gained than a necklace of grizzly claws. — GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, November, 1916.

BEAR RIVER AND LAKE, Bear Lake County.— A fur trapping party composed of Hoback, Rezner, Robinson, Cass and Miller of the Hunt- Astoria party (q. v.} were the first white men upon these waters, trapping the region in the winter of 1811-12. They called the stream Miller River for one of their partv. In 1818, Donald Mackenzie, leader of the Snake country expedition (n. r.) , wishing to examine the country south of the Snake River, journeved to Bear River and to the lake which drained into it. He called the body of water Black Bear Lake from the number of black bear (q. v.} which he saw in that

IDAIKi NoMENCLATl i:i

vicinity. To Ashley's men in 1820 it WM known as Little Lake in distinction from the Great Lake farther west, and I'.cu River was spoken of by tli.m ;i- \\aters that flowed into the Pacific. Part of ihi* hike \\;i- in Spuiii-li territory, being south of 42°, but there is no i-vidrmv of ;iny exploration made by tlioni. The Shoshonis called this river "Quee-yaw pah," meaning "Quee-paw," "tobacco root," and "pah," "water," or "the stream along which the tobacco root grew." This root grew along this stream in abundance, producing a food which the Indians used extensively. — IRVING, Astoria; DALE, Ashley-Smith Explorations.

BEAVER. — This is a rodent of the Castor family, about two feet in length, averaging forty pounds in weight, and is covered with long, coarse hairs overlying a short, dense and silky underfur, to which the beaver skin owes its value. It is the architect and engineer of the animal world, and soon after cutting down a willow, sapling or tree converts it into a water-logged piece of timber which sinks in water almost as readily as stone. The process by which this is accomplished is not understood, but in some manner all sap is extracted from the wood, and the air and sap cells become charged with water. Among fur traders and trappers its skin was the unit of value by which barter was conducted for all sorts of commodities, and was used as the standard of all values until placer mining caused gold dust to usurp the func- tion of the beaver skin as a circulating medium. The tail of the beaver,' the tongue of the buffalo and the paw of the bear were always consid- ered the richest delicacies which the mountains afforded. — GEO- GRAPHIC MAGAZINE, November, 1916.

BEAVER CANYON AND CREEK, Fremont County.— This stream was so named from the immense number of beaver which, in the early days, inhabited its waters. In 1841, Father De Smet (q. v.) passed thru this canyon en route to the Bitterroot Valley, after which it was called "The Father's Defile," and the stream was named "St. Francis Xavier," but these names did not survive. The rush of gold miners from Colo- rado and the East to the Montana placer fields from and after 1868 passed up this creek, thru the canyon and over the Rocky Mountains. A road was soon established by immigration, and finally became the Salt Lake-Helena stage route and was eventually traversed by the Utah Northern (q. v.) , a narrow gauge road which was subsequent ly standardized and made a part of the Oregon Short Line System. The canyon is noted for heavy snow falls and blockades.

BEER SPRINGS, Bannock County. — The place in which they are situated is a basin of mineral waters enclosed by the mountains, which sweep around a circular bend of Bear River at its most northern point. A pretty little stream of clear water enters the upper part of the basin from an open valley in the mountains, passing thru the bottom, dis- charges into Bear River. On account of their effervescing gas and acid taste, these springs received their nnme from the voyageurs and trap- pers of the country, who, in the midst of their rude and hard lives, were

56 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE •

fond of finding some fancied resemblance to the luxuries they rarely had the good fortune to enjoy. They are now called Soda Springs (q. v.) — FREMONT, Exploring Expedition.

BERRY CREEK, Lemhi County.— Named by Captain Clark on August 23, 1805, as he exhausted there his supply of- provisions and was forced to live on berries, of which this creek furnished an ample supply. The stream is now called Indian Creek and flows into the Salmon River, near Shoup ( q. v. ) .

BITTERROOT MOUNTAINS.— This name is derived from a beautiful mountain flower that blooms in June and is common to many of the valleys of the West, but it seems to thrive most extensively in the Bitterroot Valley, Montana, and this circumstance has given to the valley its name, from which the mountain derived its designation. The petals of this flower are of a beautiful delicate pink or rose color ; the root is edible, and was formerly much used by the Indians and mountaineers for food, but it is very bitter. The botanical name of the plant is Leicisia rediviva, after Captain Meriwether Lewis. It is the State flower of Montana, and is entirely worthy of the honor thus shown. — WHEELER, Trail of Lewis and Clark.

BLACKFOOT, Bingham County. — This name is derived from a tribe of Indians that inhabited Montana and was first applied to Blackfoot Lake, or marshes, in 1819', by Donald Mackenzie while leading the Snake country expedition ( q. v. ) , because he found some of that tribe wandering in the vicinity of the headwaters of the Blackfoot River. " This tribe called themselves "Siksika," meaning "Siksi," "black," and "kah," a contraction of their word for "foot," or "Blackfoot People," alluding to their "black feet" made by continual roving thru the ashes of the countries which they had devastated by fire. They belonged to the Algonquian, the largest family of Indians in the United States, and are known under three divisions: Blackfeet, Piegans and Bloods. They were hostile to nearly all surrounding tribes, and belonging to the predatory class of Indians, their wanderings were very extensive, and as they constantly invaded the country of their neighbors, they lived in a state of perpetual warfare. The Marias River Valley, Mon- tana, was their habitat, but they were considered the devils of both the mountains and prairies. Not alone the whites but the Indians also suffered from their hatred and bloodthirstiness. The religious Flat- head or Salish (q. «.), the proud Nez Perce or Chommnish (q.v.), the thieving Crow or Absaroka, the wandering- Snake or Shoshoni (q. v.), and others, all were at feud with the Blackfeet because the latter per- sisted in being the copper-colored Ishma elites among the tribes. — TVHVFLVR. Trail of Leiris and Clark: CHTTTENDEN, American Fur Trade: HANDBOOK of American Indians.

BOISE RIVER, Ada County. — Owiner to the manv whirlpools in this river, the Shoshonis called it the "Wihinast." meaninsr "boiling rapidlv." In 1813, John Reed of the American Fur Company was murdered bv the Indians while trapping along this stream, from which incident it was

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 57

<;I]|«M| i;.r<l\ Kivrr (</. v.). In 1819, Donald Mackenzie .started to erect .•HI oi.ildi.sliiiiciit at the mouth of this stream, which river he called the Skamnaugh, for a tribe of the Nez Perce Indians of that name which then inhabited it, and it was always so called afterwards by the Hudson Bay Company and trappers. In 1834, some French- Canadian explorers, a part of Captain Bonneville's expedition, pitched camp on the mesa overlooking the site where Boise now stands, and looked down upon the valley thru which rippled a river of surpassing loveliness thru ranks of nodding poplars. They had traveled for many days thru the dust and sage-brush in the heat of summer; they had not seen a tree for hundreds of miles. When they saw the trees along the river they exclaimed, "Les bois, les bois! Voyez les bois!" mean- ing "The woods, the woods ! See the woods ! " This river was sometimes called the "wooded stream." The above circumstance occurred during Bonneville's itinerary ( q. v. ) . — FRENCH, History of Idaho. l',<>.\ NEVILLE'S ITINERARY.— Washington Irving's "Adventures of Captain Bonneville" is one of the most pleasing romances extant. The captain left St. Louis, Missouri, in May, 1832, with a party of 110 men, traveled up the Platte River, crossed thru South Pass ( q. v. ) to Green River, Wyoming. His party entered Idaho by the way of Teton Pass (q. v.) on September 3, 1832, passed thru Teton Basin, then called Pierre's Hole (q. v.) , thence down Pierre River, across Snake River (q. v.) , and from thence by -Mud Lake and Birch Creek, then called John Day's Defile ( q. v. ) , to the headwaters of Leinhi River (q.v.), which he reached September 19. He passed down the Lemhi River until he came to the Lewis and Clark trail (q.v.), which he followed, going down the Salmon River (q.v.) until he came, on Sep- tember 26th, to Salmon Creek (q.v.), how called Carmen Creek, at the place where the trail crosses, which was near the mouth of the creek. Here he erected a temporary fortification, built some horse corrals and log cabins, slight evidences of which are still to be seen. At this place, called Bonneville's Fort on the Salmon River, he was in the full enjoyment of his wishes, leading a hunter's life in the heart of the wilderness. He left this fort November 20th, passed along Lemhi River and Timber Creek, a fork of the Lemhi, until he came to the deep gorge, at present a reclamation dam site, on Timber Creek, thru which he passed December 19th, and held his Christmas festivities in Swan Basin on said creek. He then proceeded down Birch Creek to its "sinks." which is in the vicinity of the "sinks" of Big Lost River (q.v.), then called Goddin River (q.v.). He followed Goddin River to the vicinity of Pioneer (q. v.). and from thence to the Big Butte (q.v.), where he struck the trail going to the Snake River (q.v.), arriving on that stream just south of Blackfoot (q.v.), which place he reached on 'January 12. 1833. On March 13th he arrived at his fort on Salmon River, having returned over the route he had traveled in going. From his fort he proceeded nr> or south aloncr Salmon River, thence up the Pahsimaroi (^7. r.) . thru Double Spring Pass to Thousand

58 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

Spring Valley on Big Lost or Goddin River, where he trapped for muskrats. Thence he passed down this stream, skirted the moun- tains, and on April 26th was on Little Wood River. After trapping awhile he returned to the caches he had made at the fort on Salmon River, arriving there June 15th, and from thence back to Snake River and to Horse Creek, Wyoming. After trapping in the Bighorn Moun- tains he returned to Idaho at Bear River on November 1st, and thence to Soda Springs ( q. v. ) , after which he went into winter quarters at Batise Springs on the Portneuf River (q. v.) in November, 1833. He left this camp on Christmas Day, going down the south bank of the Snake River and passing American Falls ( q. v. ) , Cassia Creek ( q. v. ) , Fishing Falls (q.v.) and Bruneau River (q. v.) , thru- the Blue Moun- tains, arriving at Fort Walla Walla, March 4, 1834, returning to the Portneuf, over the same route, by May 21st, thence to Bear River, which place he left July 3d with a considerable party, going to the Columbia River ( q. v. ) , reaching his destination in September, but retraced his steps at once, and in October was back on the Portneuf, thence to Bear

River (q. v.) , reaching his destination in September, but he retraced his by the way of Green River, he finally returned to the United States army, from whence he had come. — IRVING, Adventures of Captain Bonneville.

BONNER'S FERRY, Boundary County.— "That E. L. Bonner, R. A. Edding and John W. Walton, their heirs and assigns, be and they are hereby authorized to establish a ferry across the Kootenai River, at a point known as Bonner's Ferry, or Chulimtah." — Laws of the Territory of Idaho, Second Session, 1864-

BORAH, Power County. — Named for Hon. William E. Borah, who was born in Wayne County, Illinois, June 20, 1865 ; graduated at the Kansas State University, 1890; moved to Idaho and entered upon the practice of law, 1891 ; United States senator for Idaho, 1907-18. — Congres- sional Directory.

BOUNDARY. — This county was so named because it joined the boundary line between the United States and Canada. When Captain Robert Gray discovered the Columbia River (q.v.) the United States claimed all the country which it drained and as far north as 54° 40', while England claimed this same country and as far south as the Columbia and Snake rivers ( q. v. ) . The British endeavored to discourage and prevent settlement and colonization, and always antagonized the agri- cultural and mining interests, allowing the Hudson Bay Company (q. v.) to exercise absolute monopoly over this territory. They infested it with fur traders and trappers, and wanted it to remain forever in a primeval condition as a hunting and trapping ground, inhabited only by Indians, halfbreeds and fur-bearing animals. The people of the United States wanted to settle the country and make homes therein, and when the undaunted American pioneer ( q. v. ) settled down and began his home-building it brought the subject of the boundary forward at once, which was finally settled by making 49"° north latitude that

IDAIlo NOMENl l. .vi i RE :.'.'

lint-, and HIM- the fur regime \\:i- ended. /,' I \< L'ol I, II, /<,»/ of <>i > 'ion.

I'.KADV Lincoln ( 'oiinty. —Named for lion, .lame- II. l.radv, who was horn in lVnn-\ Ivania : graduated at Leavenworth Noniml Sehnol, Kan-i-: moved to Idaho in 1895 and made a fortune in irrigation and electric business; governor of Idaho, 1 '.»<)!)- 11 ; I nited State- -• -nator for Idaho. liil.'MS; died in \Vashingfon. District of Colunihia. I'.HS. r-,/, ftional Directory.

r.lMNKAl IIIVKU. Owyhee County. — This word is of French origin and was applied to this stream in 1818 by the French Canadians of Donald Macken/ie'- trapping party of Hudson Bay men, and means "Brim," "dark." or "gloomy," and "eau," "water." Many of the tributary streams of the Snake River rivaled it in wildness and pioturesqueness of their scenery, and the Bruneau was one of them. It runs thru a tremendous chasm, rather than a valley, extending upward of one hun- dred and fifty miles. Basaltic rocks ri-e perpendicular everywhere, and the country appears an indescribable chaos. Thru the deep cracks and chasms the river makes its way. — IRVING, Adventures of Captain Bonneville.

B1TFALO. — The American specie of this animal was the bison which formed an immense herd extending over the plains from the Rio Grande to the Saskatchewan. Those that inhabited the western slope of the Rocky Mountains (q. v.) differed slightly from the plains bison in that they were generally smaller, more active and shyer, with finer and silkier robes. In habits they resembled the moose. The Union Pacific Railroad divided the plains herd into a southern or Texas and a northern or Yellowstone herd, all of which wore exterminated as wild animals in the closing years of the nineteenth century. Captain Fre- mont writes that our knowledge does not go further back than the spring of 1824. at which time the buffalo were spread in immense num- bers over the Oroen and Bear River valleys, and thru all the country lying between the Colorado and Lewis' Fork of the Columbia River: the meridian of Fort Hall then forming the western limit of their range. The buffalo remained for many years in that country, and frequently moved down the valley of the Columbia, on both sides of the river, as far as Fishing Falls. Below this point they never descended in any numbers. About the year 1834 they began to diminish very rapidly and continued to decrease until 1840. when, with the country we have just described, they entirely abandoned all the waters of the Pacific north of Lewis' Fork of the Columbia. Either severe winters or disease caused this decline and abandonment. At that time the Flithe^! Indians were in the habit of finding their buffalo on the heads of Salmon River and other streams of the Columbia : but now they never meet with them farther west than the three forks of the Missouri on the plains of the Yellowstone. — FRElfOVT. F.rplorinfj E.rp<-<l!fio)i.

BUFFALO HORX. — This chief was of royal Indian blood, his grandfather on his father's side being a Bannnck. Chief Teelioo. and his grand-

60 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

father on his mother's side being a Pahute, Chief Winnimucca. His name originated from the circumstance of the death of his grandfather, Teehee (q. v.) , the grandson partaking of the charmed life in that from a bit of buffalo horn, which had laid low the old chief, would come a more propitious chief better fortified to defy death. The Indian expression from which the word Buffalo Horn is derived, conveys a thought meaning a weird and charmed life. As a young man he soon became a warrior in his tribe and served as scout under Generals Miles and Custer against the Sioux in Montana. In 1877, a company of young Bannack warriors, led by Buffalo Horn, rendered considerable service to Gen. O. 0. Howard by acting as scouts against the Nez Perces. He soon became the war chief of the Bannacks, and his cousin Egan was war chief of the Pahutes of Oregon. The encroachments of the whites and the persistent failure of Congress and the Government to carry out the treaties made with the Indians created a great wave of unrest among them during the later '70s. With the ambition that went with the chieftainship, Buffalo Horn 'conceived a confederacy of red men with the purpose of wiping out the white man entirely, and while it was the last attempt at a great confederacy on this conti- nent, yet it had the makeup of one of the most successful. Mrs. C. A. Strahorn writes : • "The Bannack war of 1878 was a final attempt to unite all warlike Indians and to totally annihilate every man, woman and child of the white race on the Overland route thru to the coast. It was only by strategic and united work of the whites and some friendly Indians that the worst massacre of the age was averted." The con- federacy existed among most of the tribes of Idaho, eastern Oregon and Washington, and even the old peace chief, Winnimucca of Nevada, was for a time persuaded and did join them. The army was caught unawares by reason of Buffalo Horn's pretended friendship. The con- federacy planned in 1855 by Kamiakin (q. v.) is the only one in the West that came near equaling this. Playing upon the mutual jeal- ousies of the tribes saved the unarmed and defenseless settlers. Some volunteers persuaded Pahute Joe, who held a grudge against Buffalo Horn, to entice the chief to one side, which he did at the battle of South Mountain, Idaho, where he was shot and killed. The result of this war would have been very different had not Chief Buffalo Horn been killed at the inception of hostilities. This act proved disastrous to the Indian cause and put an early end to the war. The leadership t>>en fell upon Chief Egan. who was not equal to the occasion, and the Cayuse allies, realizing that failure was inevitable, turned on their associates and sent their leader, U-mah-pie, who was notorious as an atrocious and brutal Indian, to treacherously murder Chief Egan, which he did while in the Blue Mountains, after which the hostile tribes broke "up into small squads and either returned to their reserva- tions or surrendered.

BUFFALO HUMP. Idaho County. — This is a volcanic cone and was so called by the miners in 1862 either because of its resemblance to the

JDAliO NOMENCLATURE 01

hump ui the bullalo or because the Indians called it "See-niuip," mean- ing "the bullalo's hump." It was reported to .Mr. Bancroft that Hull. Ho Hump, an isolated butte, on -many occasions sent up sinoKe and columns ol molten lava in 1800, and that Humes shot high in the air and rumbling noises accompanied the overflow. — JJA*\VKv*"l't Itusluiy uj \\ ashing ton, Idaho and Montana.

BLTTES TKfOS, Butte County. — These are three conspicuous elevations of volcanic cones situated on the fenake Kiver plains (q. v.) and can be seen a great many miles away and have always been familiar objects lor parties passing that way. In 1825, the French Canadian trappers of J^eter JSkene Ogden's command called them the "buttes," whicn in French means "knolls." "Trios" is the French word for "three." Big Butte was held in awe by the Indians, and was called by them 'Tee-ah, ' meaning "large," and "Car-did," "stay," referring to its permanency and to that feeling of safety which the sight of it gave to any one drifting or perhaps lost in the ever sameness of the trackless Snake River plains and desert.

CACHE, Teton County. — This is the place where some Hudson Bay trap- pers, who were the first white men in Pierre's Hole ( q. v. ) , cached some furs. The word is French, "cacher" meaning "to hide." In western pioneering it became necessary at times to abandon temporarily some articles with the intention of returning afterwards for them. The property so abandoned was cached or concealed so as to prevent its loss or injury. As ordinarily prepared, it consisted of a deep pit in the ground in the construction of which the point of paramount importance was to avoid any trace of the work which might attract attention when completed. The best site was in dry soil. The pit was lined with sticks and dry leaves and the goods deposited therein. The conceal- ment consisted in removing all evidence of the cache and leaving the ground looking just as it did before. If in turf, the sod was scru- pulously replaced ; in other places a campfire was built over the cache, serving to divert attention. Occasionally caches were made in the sides of vertical cliffs, also in trunks of trees, in clefts of rocks and other places, but nearly always in the ground. When the cache was opened it was said to be "raised," and if broken into by those who had no right to do so they w-ere said to be "lifted." Caches sometimes attained notoriety and have left their names in various localities. — CHITTENDEN, ^American Fur Trade.

CALDRON LINN, Twin Falls County.— This is the point on Snake River that was reached on October 28, 1811, by the Hunt- Astoria party (q. v.), and is now known as Milner. The name was given by some Scotchman, probably Ramsey Crooks or Donald Mackenzie, as the word is from the Scotch, lyn, meaning a pool of water in a perturbed state, as at the foot of a waterfall. — IRVING, Astoria.

CAMAS, Jefferson County. — This name comes from the Chinook language (q. v.) and means "sweet." It is also spelled Kamas and Quamash. The camas is a western plant having a typical blue flower and edible

02 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

bulb. The iShoshoiiis call it "Pahsego," meaning "Pah," "water" and "sego," "a bulbous root," as it grows on the high moist benches of the ' RocKy .Mountains. It belongs to the Lily family, which furnished the Indians the greater part of their root food. In the commissary depart- ment of the natives it occupied a place similar to bread in the diet of the agricultural nations, and while resembling an onion it was very nutritious. It formed an important food among all western tribes, and when properly dried kept for years. The bulb is usually prepared for food by prolonged steaming, requiring about three days to properly cook. The annual gathering of the cainas root occurred in June and July when it was considered ripe. — BANCROFT, History of Washing- ton, Idaho and Montana.'

CAMAS PKA1K1EIS. — There are many camas prairies in the West, so named because the cainas (q. v.) root grew so abundantly thereon. Big Camas Prairie is situated in Camas County, giving the county its name, and was the bone of contention which caused the Bannack war (q. v.) of 1878, as the Indians always claimed a part at least of this prairie. Little Camas Prairie is situated in Elmore County and is a continua- tion of Big Camas Prairie. North Cainas Prairie lies between the Clearwater and the Salmon rivers, in Idaho County, and was the scene of many massacres of whites by the Nez Perces in the war of 1877. The greater part of these bodies of laud are now converted into splendid farms and homes.

CAME All \\ All. — i'his was the name of the chief of the Shoshonis that inhabited Lemhi (q. v.) at the time Lewis and Clark entered Idaho. The name means "Ka," "not," "niee-ah," "to go," and "wait," "incline," or "not inclined to go." It is pronounced Ka-me-ah-wate. This name was no doubt given to the chieftain at the time of the white man's visit when Captain Lewis came into Lemhi from Shoshone Cove ( q. v. ) to get the Indians to help his party, then at what is now Armstead, Mon- tana, over the mountain divide. The chief at first did not want to do this, but later was persuaded to go, with horses, and move the explorers and their camp into Lemhi. In persuading him to do this, Captain Lewis offered him many inducements, relating to him the fact concerning his sister, Sacagawea ( q. v. ) , being a member of the expedi- tion, which did not affect him to any considerable extent; but finally, when told of the colored man, describing him as a "black white man" with "buffalo hair" on his head, it created so much curiosity that the whole tribe became anxious to go at once and see the negro. Lewis and Clark state that he had another name, "Tooettecone," which meant "black gun," but properly translated means "Too," "black," "ite," "gun" and "coon," "fire," or "He fires the black gun," showing that it was during his lifetime that this tribe became possessed of firearms. — REE8, History of Lemhi County.

CANADIAN FRENCH. — The majority^ of voyageurs, hunters and trappers which were employed by the Hudson Bay and Northwest Fur companies were French from Canada, and usually being the first white people to

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

\i-it the fur -producing -rction- of t lie country, gave name- to many place- and oliject-. many nl' \\liicll Mir\i\e to tin- il;;y a- i- exhiliit c<| ill Iilalio geographx. They were ill part- of the KocUy Mount ;i i n- l.cfnre the coming of Lewis ;m<l Chirk and from 1S20 :{(» h;i<l explored unite extensively the Snake River ami it- i rilmtarie-.

CAN I SI-]. This is a word which the stockmen have inherited from tin- tribes and refers to a breed of Indian ponies. The Shoshonis were the first \\e>tern tribe to acquire horses, having procured them thru their relatives, the Moquis, who were the first to come in contact with the Spaniards. The rugged and versatile Indian pony is a descendant from those Spanish-Mexican horses. Their name U derived from the Cayuse Indians of Oregon, who were extensive breeders and growers of the pony, and the word has extended thruout the West. Cayuse is from the French "railloux." meaning ''pebbly," referring to the stream upon wliich the Cayuse Indians were located when the Canadians first came in contact with them.

c I : N TERVILLE, Boise County. — This place was first a mining camp defended by a stockade built by miners to defend themselves against the Indians and was called the "fort" by the clique which" slept in it at night and sallied forth by day to mine in the gulches near by. But as the first settlers and stockholders tried to "hog up" every good claim and otherwise appeared intensely selfish, the outside world got even with them by calling the place "Hogum," which honorable epithet stuck to it for many years in spite of all efforts to throw it off. It was a case of the "survival of the fittest." But time that wears out nearly all things at length effaced this hoggish name, and it is now known as "Centerville," because it is midway between Idaho City and Placcr- ville. — BRISTOL, Idaho Nomenclature.

CHINOOK JARGON. — This was an Indian trade language used from Alaska to California and was the intertribal as well as the inter- rac-ial language of the Pacific Coast. It was formed by adding grossly corrupted and fancifully used French and English words to the language of the Chinookan family, and as used was a very much aspirated, gutteralized, sputtered and swallowed form of expression; however, it was used between the whites themselves, the Indians and the whites, and the Indians themselves, and proved of great service to both the Indian and the white man. — HANDBOOK of American Indians.

CHINOOK WIND. — This is the name of a warm southwest wind occurring in late winter or early spring, under the influence of which the snow is melted with astonishing rapidity and the weather soon becomes balmy and springlike. It results from the northward passage of a cyclone originating in the Japan current and its effect lasts from a few hours to several days, and the name was first applied by the Hudson Bay Company at Astoria, Oregon, being so called because it blew from over the country inhabited by the Chinook Indians. — HANDBOOK of American Indians.

64 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

CHOPUNN1SH. — This word is a corruption of the Nez Perce's name 01 themselves, which properly interpreted means "The People." The Sho- shonis called them "Mm," meaning "Indian," and "apu," "people," or "Nimapu," "Indian People." The Canadian French called them "Nez Perce" \q.v.)t a perversion of the French name for "flat nose." The Hudson Bay trappers called them "Sahaptins" and "Shahaptans" ( q. v. ) . Lewis and Clark called the north fork of the Clearwater the "Chopunnish" and also had a camp of that name.

CLARKS FORK RIVER, Bonner County.— The name "Clark River" was given to the Bitterroot by Captain Lewis on September 6, 1805, as Captain Clark was the first white man who had visited its waters. The stream to which Clark's name is attached is now the Clark's Fork of the Columbia, and this is a continuation of the Bitterroot River. This stream in its entirety might well be dubbed "the river of many names," for Clark's is but one of them. The stream really rises just south and east of Butte, Montana, where the creek is known as Silver- bow. Then in succession follow the names Deer Lodge, Hellgate, Mis- soula and Clarks Fork. The river is a beautiful one> and Clark's name should apply to the whole stream, or at least to that part of it from the junction of the Bitterroot and Hellgate to the Columbia. At Pend Oreille Lake ( q. v. ) the river expands into a very large lake, one of the finest in the West, and surrounded by high, timbered mountains. — WHEELER, Trail of Lewis and Clark,

CLEARWATER RIVER, Clearwater County.— This stream is named for its chief characteristic, that of being brilliantly clear and trans- parent, which name was first applied by the Nez Perce Indians, the whites using the translated word "Clearwater." It has three prin- cipal branches, the North, Middle and South forks. It was formerly called by its Nez Perce Indian name, "Koos-koos-kia" ( q. v. ) .

COEUR D'ALENE INDIANS.— This is a tribe of the Salish family (q.v.), which inhabited the country surrounding and adjoining the lake which bears their name. They call themselves "Skitswish," which they claim means "Camas People." Lewis and Clark called them "Skeetsomish." The name is of French origin and means "Awl-Heart." One tradition of their name is that these Indians were so sharp at bargaining the fur traders named them "Awl-hearts," or "Pointed-Hearts," while another is that among the first traders was a Canadian of so close and nig- gardly a disposition that the Indians applied an epithet to him which the interpreter translated "Coeur d'Alenes," and the name became fixed upon the Indians. They are of the Catholic faith. — ROSS, Oregon Settlers.

COEUR D'ALENE INDIAN RESERVATION, Kootenai County.— These Indians claimed approximately all the lands lying in Shoshone and Kootenai counties, Idaho, and Whitman, Spokane, Lincoln and Adams counties, Washington. No treaty was ever concluded with these Indians for the cession of their title. A reserve "was set apart for them in 1867, which they refused to accept. An agreement was made

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 05

with them ill 1873, but Congress failed to approve it. liy executive order, in 1873, President Grant set apart the following reserve: Begin- ning at a point on the top oi the dividing ridge between Pine and L.i i all or Hangman's Creek, directly south of a point on said last mentioned creek six miles above the point where the trail from Lewis- ton to Spokane bridge crosses said creek; thence in a northeasterly direction in a direct line to the Coeur d'Alene Mission on Coeur d'Alene River, but not to include the lands of said mission; thence in a west- erly direction in a direct line to the point where the Spokane River heads in or leaves the Coeur d'Alene lakes; thence down the center of the channel of said Spokane River to the dividing line between Wash- ington and Idaho; thence south along said dividing line to the top of the dividing ridge between Pine and Latah or Hangman's creeks; thence along the top of said ridge to the place of beginning. It was set apart for the Coeur d'Alenes and southern Spokanes and other fragmentary bands. The United States assumed that when they accepted this reserve the Indians had relinquished their title to the country they claimed, but in order to do this a formal extinguishment of their title was made by treaty of 1891. At other times small cessions were made of their reserve for railroad, townsite and settlement purposes, and in 1906 their reservation, by treaty, was allotted to the Indians in sever- alty of 160 acres to each man, woman and child, and the surplus, except lands for school and agency purposes, was sold for their benefit. — Indian Land Cessions.

COEUR D'ALEXE LAKE AND RIVER, Kootenai County.— This lake was named from the tribe of Indians that inhabited its shores and is the source of the Spokane River. Father De Smet, in 1842, called the southern stream flowing into this lake St. Joseph River and the northern stream St. Ignatius, which was changed to Coeur d'Alene River, thru whose valley runs the Northern Pacific Railroad. The geologic feature of this lake is that of a drowned valley which is backed up and held on the west by gravel dams.

COLLINS CREEK, Clearwater County. — This is the name given by Captain Clark to what is now called Lolo Creek (q.v.)f and was named for Private John Collins, a member of the Lewis and Clark party.

COLTER CREEK, Nez Perce County. — This is the name given by Captains Lewis and Clark to wnat is now called Potlatch Creek (q. v.) , and was named for Private John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark party and the person who later made the famous Colter run in Mon- tana.

COLTKILLED CREEK, Selway County. — This is the name given by Captain Clark on September 14, 1805, to what is now called White Sand Creek, which flows into the Lochsa Fork of the Clearwater. Here it was that the Lewis and Clark party exhausted their animal food and killed a colt for meat.

COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.— While no part of the Columbia River is in Idaho, yet all drainage of the State, except Bear River, flows into it

66 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

and nearly all Idaho lies within its basin. This stream was named for the ship, Columbia Jttediviva, of which Captain Robert Gray was in command when the river was discovered, in 1792. This vessel was the first American ship to circumnavigate the globe during the years 1787-90, and the word liediviva means "to live again." A suspected "River of the West" had been imagined for years and Spanish and English explorers had searciied for it persistently, but the Americans were the first to identify its geographical position, which event gave them their claim to Northwest Territory.

COMMEARP, Lewis County. — This is the name which Captains Lewis and Clark gave to what is now called Lawyer's Canyon Creek ( q. v. ) on May 10, 1806. What the name means is uncertain, but it is probable that it is a "pretty valley," which expresses but faintly the scenic beauty at this point. — WHEELER, Trail of Lewis and Clark.

COUNCIL, Adams County. — This town is built near a butte in the center of a valley in which Indians gathered for council. The valley was near the line dividing the territory of the Shahaptans ( q. v. ) and the Shoshonis (q. v.). Any matter affecting the Indian's welfare had to be talked over in council. No important undertaking was entered upon without deliberation in a solemn council at which the pipe was smoked. Whatever was agreed to thereat was held most sacred. Propositions of peace and treaty terms were considered, and when agreed to were held inviolate. History proves that of the hundreds of treaties made by the United States with the Indian tribes, the Gov- ernment was almost invariably the first to break them. The Indian word for council means "talk circle," as it was a circle formed by Indians seated upon the ground. The pipe was passed from left to right and the stem pointed to the force of nature which it was desired to propitiate; if to the earth, that it may hold them good and strong; if to the four winds, that no harshness may blow against them as troubles or distress; if to the sun, that they may have light to see their way clearly and to guide them, etc., etc. — HANDBOOK of American Indians.

COUNTIES AND COUNTY SEATS.

ADA. — Named for Ada Riggs, the oldest daughter of Hon. H. C. Riggs, and who was the first white child born in Boise City, in 1863. The county seat is Boise, named for the Boise River ( q. v. ) .

ADAMS. — Named for John Adams, who was President of the United States from 1797-1801, being second to General Washington, and this county was created from Washington County. The county seat is Council (*«.).

BANNOCK. — Named for the Bannack Indians ( q. v. ) , but the Scotch word is used. The county seat is Pocatello, named for Chief Pokatello (q.v.).

BEAR LAKE. — Named for Bear Lake ( q. v. ) , which is within its borders. The county seat is Paris, named by recent Mormon converts from France who settled there in 1863.

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 67

LI \ KWAH. — Named for an old chief of the Coeur d'Alene Indians who was an historic and notorious individual of that locality. The county seat is St. Maries, named by Father De Smet in 1842.

BIN GUAM. — Named by Governor Bunn for his friend Congressman Henry 11. Bingham of Philadelphia, Pa. The county seat is Blackfoot, named for the Blackfoot ( q. v. ) Indians.

BLA1NE. — Named for Hon. James G. Blaine, the American statesman. The county seat is Hailey, named for Hon. John Hailey (g. i?.).

BOISE. — Named for the Boise River (q.v.). The county seat is Idaho City (g. v.).

IIOXNER. — Named for Bonners Ferry (q.v.). The county seat is Sand- point, named for a large sand bar that extends into Peiid Oreille Lake at this place.

BON NEVILLE. — Named for Captain Boimeville (q.v.). The county seat is Idaho Falls, named for some falls in Snake liiver near by. This place was originally called Eagle Rock (q.v.).

BOUNDARY. — Named from the fact that it joins the Canadian boundary (q.v.). The county seat is Bonners Ferry (q.v.).

BUTTE. — Named for the Buttes (q.v.). The county seat is Arco, named by the first settlers for a small town in Tyrol, Austria.

CAMAS. — Named for Big Camas Prairie (q.v.). The county seat is Fair- field, named by reclamation settlers as descriptive of the country.

CANYON. — Named for the canyon on the Boise River near Caldwell. The county seat is Caldwell, named for Senator Alexander Caldwell of Kansas.

CASSIA. — Named for Cassia Creek, which was so called by the Hudson Bay trappers, who found some cassia plant on the stream. The county seat is Albion, named by Mr. Robinson, one of the promoters of the town, which was founded in 1875.

CLEAR WATER. — Named for the Clearwater River (q.v.). The county seat is Orofino (q. v.).

CUSTER. — Named for Gen. George A. Custer, who was killed at the battle of Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876. The county seat is Challis, named for A. P. Challis, who, in 1878, founded the town.

ELMORE. — Named for the Ida Elihore, a famous quartz mine, discovered in 1863. The county seat is Mountain Home (q.v.).

FRANKLIN. — Named from the town of Franklin. The county seat is Franklin, named for Mr. Franklin, the leader of the thirteen Mormon families that settled the place in 1860.

FREMONT. — Named for General John C. Fremont, who traversed Idaho in 1843. The county seat is St. Anthony, named by C. H. Moon, who in 1887 built a bridge and store there and called it thus because of its fancied resemblance to 'St. Anthony Falls, Minnesota.

GEM. — Named for "Gem of the Mountains." The county seat is Ejnmett, named for Emmett Cahalan, the first white boy born there and who was the oldest son of T. D. Cahalan, an early settler and attorney.

,

68 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

GOODING. — Named for Governor Frank R. Gooding. The county seat is

Gooding, named for the same party. IDAHO. — Named for a steamboat that plied the Columbia River from and

after 1860. The county seat is Grangeville, named by L. P. Brown,

the founder of the town, for the grange organization. JEFFERSON. — Named for President Jefferson. The county seat is Rigby,

named for William" F. Rigby, a local authority of the Mormon Church

and one of the founders of the town. KOOTENAI. — Named for Kutenai Indians ( q. v. ) . The county seat is

Coeur d'Alene, named for the Coeur d'Alene Indians ( q. v. ) . LATAH. — Named for the Nez Perce Indian word Latah ( q. v. ) . The

county seat is Moscow, so named when the postoffice was moved, during

the '70s, one mile west of the old site by a Russian by the name of

Hogg. LEMHI. — Named for Fort Lemhi (q. v. ). The county seat is Salmon,

named for the Salmon River ( q. v. ) . LEWIS. — Named for Capt. Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark

expedition, 1804-06. The county seat is Nez Perce, named for the Nez

Perce Indians (q. v.). LINCOLN. — Named for President Lincoln. The county seat is Shoshone,

named for the Shoshoni Indians ( q. v. ) . MADISON. — Named for President Madison. The county seat is Rexburg,

named for Thomas Ricks, a local authority of the Mormon Church,

and is a corruption of Ricksburg. MINIDOKA. — This is a Shoshoni word meaning "broad expanse," and is.

applied to this place because it is near the broadest portion of the

Snake River plains ( q. v. ) . The county seat is Rupert, named for a

reclamation expert. NEZ PERCE. — Named for the Nez Perce 'Indians (q. v.) . The county

seat is Lewiston, named for Capt. Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis

and Clark expedition, 1804-6.

. — Named for Oneida, New York, from which place most of the

early settlers had come. The county seat is Malad, named for the

Malade River ( q. v. ) . OWYHEE. — Named for the Owyhee River (q. v.}. The county seat is

Silver City, named, in 1863, by the prospectors who discovered rich

silver float near there. PAYETTE. — Named for the Payette River (q. v.) . The county seat is

Payette, named for the same. POWER. — At American Falls the Snake River is one thousand feet wide

and drops forty-two feet over a series of beautiful cascades, making

it possible to develop several thousand horsepower. This county in- cludes this power site, and from it derives its name. The county seat

is American Falls ( q. v. ) . SELWAY. — This is a Nez Perce Indian word meaning the "stream of

easy canoeing." The county seat is Kooskia, an adaptation of two

syllables taken from the word Koos-koos-kia ( q. v.).

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 69

SHOSHONE. — Named for the Shoshoni Indians (q. v.) . The county seat is Wallace, named for Col. W. R. Wallace, the locator of the townsite.

TETON. — Named for the Teton peaks (q. v.). The county seat is Driggs, named, in 1888, for A. P. Driggs, a local authority of the Mormon church.

TWIN FALLS.— Named for the Little or Twin Falls of the Snake River. The county seat is Twin Falls, named for the same.

VALLEY. — Named for Long Valley, which lies within its borders. The county seat is Cascade, named for the Cascade Falls on the Payette River which are near by.

WASHINGTON.— Named for the "Father of our Country." The county seat is Weiser, named for the Weiser River (q. v.) .

CRAIG, Lewis County. — Named for William Craig who was in that sec- tion of country as early as 1829, where he married a Nez Perce Indian woman and was afterwards allowed one section of land upon the Nez Perce reservation ( q. v. ) . He belonged to that class of per- sons known as "mountain men," who pursued hazardous occupations in the wilds of the mountains, free and independent of every one, where they developed that hardy and self-reliant spirit that enabled them to accomplish things by their enthusiasm. He was the comrade, in the mountains, of Kit Carson, Joseph L. Meek, tlobert Newell, Courtney Walker, all mountain men, and hosts of other brave men whose names are linked with the history of the country. — BANCROFT, History of Washington, Idaho and Montana.

DESMET, Benewah County. — This place was named for Father De Smet, a Belgian Jesuit, who came into Idaho as a Catholic missionary among the Indians, in 1842, and was instrumental in founding a mission, under the patronage of Saint Joseph, on the St. Joe River, and also the Coeur d'Alene mission, now known as Caltaldo, where, in 1853, the first Catholic church in Idaho was founded. Father De Smet's labors were with the Flatheads, Coeur d'Alenes, Pend Oreilles and Kutenais. — DE SMET, Letters and Sketches.

DEVIL'S SCUTTLE HOLE, Twin Falls County. — This was the name given to the Snake River gorge just above the Shoshone Falls (q. v.) by the Hunt-Astoria party (q. v.) , in 1811, after the loss of several boats at the place.— IRVING, Astoria.

DIGGER INDIANS. — These were the degenerate offshoots of the Pahutes, just as Tukuarikas (q. v.) were the offshoots of the Shoshonis (q. v.). Their language was a sort of Shoshoni "patios," but they were held in contempt by both Bannacks and Shoshonis. They were called "Shosh- o-cos," a Shoshoni word meaning "on foot," as they had no horses. They were sometimes called "To-sah-weet" meaning "white knives," which alluded to their primitive "bone knives." They were only a few degrees above the brutes, and their diet consisted of crickets, grasshoppers, ant-eggs, ground squirrels and various kind of roots. They lived in miserable huts of sagebrush situated in the desert plains or among barren mountains and in the gloomiest and most desolate places imaginable.— STUART, Montana As It Is.

70 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

DUBOIS, Fremont County.— Named for Hon. Fred T. Dubois who was born in Crawford County, Illinois, May 29, 1851; graduated from Yale, 1872; moved to Idaho and entered business, 1880; United States marshal of Idaho, 1882-6; delegate from Idaho to Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses; United States senator of Idaho, 1891-7, 1901-7.— Congressional Directory.

DUCK VALLEY INDIAN RESERVATION, Owyhee County.— The Duck Valley lies between the forks of the Owyhee River, and was so called by reason of so many duck therein, by members of the Rocky Moun- tain Fur Company led by Milton Sublette, in 1832. The western Shoshonis (q. v.) claimed approximately all Idaho south of the Salmon River (q. v.) and west of 113° west longitude; Utah, west of Salt Lake and north of 41°; Nevada, north of 37°; parts of Modoc, Siskiyou and Lassen counties, California; and Oregon, south of the Blue Mountains and east of 119'°. The United States recognized their claim to this territory in the treaty of 1863, made at Ruby Valley, Nevada, between Gen. P. E. Conner and Gov. J. D. Doty for the government, and the chiefs, warriors and principal men of the tribe, in which their boundaries were described as follows: On the north by Wong-goga-da Mountains (a Shoshoni word meaning "heavily tim- bered mountains" and was applied to the Blue and Salmon River Mountains (q. v.) and Shoshonee River Valley (Snake River Valley) ; on the west by Su-non-to-yah Mountains (a Shoshoni word meaning "quaking asp mountain) or Smith Creek Mountains (named for Jedediah Smith in 1828, now called Siskiyou Mountains) ; on the south by Wico-bah (a Shoshoni word meaning a "barren country without water," referring to southern Nevada) and the Colorado Desert (southern Nevada named from the Colorado River) ; on the east by Po-ho-no-be Valley (a Shoshoni word meaning "sagebrush valley" in eastern Nevada) or Steptoe Valley (a valley in White Pine County, Nevada, named for Col. E. J. Steptoe in 1854), and Great Salt Lake Valley. A great many Bannack Indians (q. v.) ranged in large measure and with equal freedom over some of this vast extent of territory, but they were eventually placed on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation (q. v.). No formal purchase of the territorial claim of these tribes or bands was made, but the United States took possession of the same, assuming the right of satisfying their claims by assigning them such reservations as might s^eem essential for their occupancy, and supplying them in such degree as might seem proper with necessaries of life. In 1872, President Grant set apart the Malheur Indian Reservation in Oregon for the Pahute Indians, upon which was also placed many of the western Shoshonis. In 1877, President Hayes, by executive order, set aside the Duck Valley Indian Reservation for the western Shoshonis as follows : Commencing at 'the one hundredth mile post of the survey of the north boundary of Nevada; thence due north to the intersection of the north boundary of township 16 soutli of Boise base line in Idaho; thence due west to a point due north of the one hundred and twentieth mile post of said survey of the

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 71

north boundary of Nevada; thence due south to the ninth standard parallel north of the Mount Diablo base line in Nevada; thence dut east to a point due south of the place of beginning; thence north to the place of beginning. In 1880, all unclaimed lands in township 15 south, ranges 1, 2 and 3 east of the Boise meridian, Idaho, were added to the reserve. — K APPLE R, Indian Affairs.

EAGLE ROCK, Bonneville County. — This place is now called Idaho Falls, the name having been changed in 1890. Snake River here falls over the edge of a lava flow, and the incessant wear of the running water has cut the falls back into the lava sheet fully half a mile, and they are now at the head of a narrow canyon, the walls of which are at one point barely fifty feet apart. In 1864, a ferry was established near this place to accommodate the miners that were rushing to the Montana placer fields, and in 1866 J. M. Taylor built a toll bridge known as "Taylor's bridge." The bridge paid so well that a store and town were soon started by Robert Anderson. Just above the bridge, in the middle of the stream, with the waters swirling on either side as they rushed through the narrow channel, was a massive rock. Here, safe from harm and molestation, an American eagle for many years built its nest and reared its young. This suggested a name, and the little community was christened "Eagle Rock."— GUIDE- BOOK, Overland Route.

ELK CITY, Idaho County. — Prospectors following the Nez Perce trail (q. v.) in quest of gold discovered placer, in 1861, in a small moun- tain valley about seven miles in length by a half mile in width which, owing to the great number of elk abounding therein, was called Elk Valley. Elk City was located at the lower end of this valley. On every side, in this locality, rose ledges of pale red or rose quartz. Between the mountains were intervals of beautiful grassy prairies; on the mountains heavy pine forests, a very different country from the California miner's preconceived ideas of a gold country. — BANCROFT, History of Washington, Idaho and Montana.

FISH CREEK, Lemhi County. — This is the name which Captains Lewis and Clark gave to the north fork of the Salmon River on September 1, 1805, which stream they followed to its source where they crossed the divide of the Bitterroot Mountains into Bitterroot Valley near Ross' hole.

FISHING FALLS, Twin Falls County. — They are now called Salmon Falls and are situated in Snake River (q. v.) six miles below the mouth of Salmon Falls River. They consist of a series of cataracts with sharply inclined planes, forming a barrier to the ascent of the salmon fish ( q. v. ) , and thus a fishing resort is created where Indians in great numbers used to collect to catch the fish. — PALMER, Journal of Travels.

FLORENCE, Idaho County. — Next came the discoveries of the Salmon River, since known as the Florence Mines. This last discovery placed the capsheaf on the series of rich discoveries made during the year

72 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

of 1861. Florence was named after a stepdaughter of Furber, formerly of Siskiyou County, California. — GOULDER, Reminiscences. FORTS. — The first settlements made by white people in the western parts of the United States were by men who followed the fur trading busi- ness. At every point, where the fur trade was carried on, the white people erected forts for their own safety and protection, this being the reason for the many forts established thruout the West. They were usually built at the most central points and at places which were surrounded with plenty of grass, game, fuel, water and in proximity to all other natural resources of the region. After the Louisiana purchase, in 1803, and the adjustment of the northwest boundary, in 1846, all of these forts came into the possession of the United States and were, at times, garrisoned with soldiers by the Government, making military posts of them.

FORT BOISE, Canyon County.— In 1834, Thomas McKay erected a log fort for the Hudson Bay Company on the Boise River eight miles above its mouth to compete with the American trading post at Fort Hall (q. v.) . But in 1837 it was changed, by Francis Payette, and placed on the east side of Snake River, one mile below the mouth of Boise River. The walls of the latter fort were built of mud, the fort being simply a trading post. The remarkably high water of the Snake River in 1853 washed the greater part of it away and it was finally abandoned in 1855. In 1803, Boise barracks was erected as a military post by the Government at Boise City, which is sometimes called, although erroneously, "Fort Boise." — FARNHAM, Travels.

\i FORT HALL, Bingham County. — The Columbia Fishing and Trading Company was formed in 1834, by several individuals in New York and Boston. Nathaniel Wyeth, having an interest in the enterprise, col- lected a party of men to cross the continent to the Pacific, with the purpose chiefly of establishing trading posts beyond the Rocky Moun- tains and on the coast. The site selected for the first fort was on the east bank of the Snake River, 'nine miles above the mouth of the Portneuf River ( q. v. ) . It was named for Henry Hall, senior mem- ber of the firm furnishing Wyeth financial backing. Competition in trade soon forced Wyeth to sell this fort, which he did in 1836, to the Hudson Bay Company. It was abandoned by the latter company in 1856, since which time the erosive power of the Snake River has washed it away. In 1870, the Government erected a post on Lincoln Creek, a tributary of the Blackfoot River, garrisoned it with soldiers, and called it Fort Hall; however, it was forty miles northeast of the old fort. This latter post is also entirely abandoned. A postomce by this name is on Ross Creek, about midway between the two former forts. — TOWNSEND, Narrative.

FORT HALL INDIAN RESERVATION, Bingham and Bannock Counties.^- The eastern Shoshonis claimed approximately all Idaho east of 113°; Wyoming, west of the Wind River Mountains and North Platte River; Colorado, north of Yampa River; and Utah, north of the Uinta Moun-

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 73

tains and east of Salt Lake. The United States recognized their claim to this territory in the treaty of 1863, made at Fort Bridger, Utah, between Gen. P. E. Connor and Gov. J. D. Doty for the Government and tne chiefs, warriors and principal men for the tribe, in which their boundaries were defined as follows: On the north by the mountains on the north side of Shoshonee or Snake River; on the east by the Wind River Mountains, Pee-na-pah River (a Shoshoni word meaning "Sweetwater"), the north fork of Platte or Koo-chin-agah (a Shoshoni word meaning "Buffalo River" which they applied to the Platte River), and the North Park, or Buffalo House; and on the south by Yampah River and the Uinta Mountains ; and on the west by Salt Lake. In 18C8, another treaty was made with the eastern Shoshonis in which the Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming, was set apart for them and it was agreed that whenever the Bannacks (q. v.) desired a reserva- tion to be set apart for their use, the President would do so by execu- tive order. In 1809, President Grant, by executive order, set aside the Fort Hall Indian Reservation for the Bannacks, Shoshonis and other Indians of southern Idaho. Its boundaries were as follows: Com- mencing on the south bank of Snake River at the junction of the Portneuf River with Snake River; thence south 25 miles to the summit of the mountains dividing the waters of Bear River from those of Snake River; thence easterly along the summit of said range of mountains 70 miles to a point where Sublette Road (q. v.) crosses said divide; thence north about 50 miles to Blackfoot River (q. v.) ; thence down said stream to its junction with Snake River; thence down Snake River to the place of beginning, embracing about 1,800,000 acres and including Fort Hall in its limits. In 1880, part of this reservation was set aside for the use of the Lemhis (q. v. ). In 1881, a right of way of one hundred feet in width, with sufficient ground for depot and station, consisting in the aggregate of 772 acres, was ceded to the Utah Northern Railroad (q. v.), and in 1888, 1,840 acres were re- linquished to the United States out of township 6 south of range 34 east of the Boise meridian. In 1898, the lands of this reservation were allotted in scveralty of 160 acres each of farming and grazing lands to the head of each family, and 80 acres each of farming and grazing lands to others not the head of families and the tribe was paid by the United States $600,000 for the surplus. — Indian Land Cessions. FORT HENRY, Fremont County.— This was the first American trading post erected in the Columbia River basin, and consisted of a log cabin built on the north fork of Snake River in the fall of 1810 by Andrew Henry for the Missouri Fur Company as a place to carry on a traffic with the Indians. From this incident the stream is sometimes called Henry's Fork of the Snake River. The fort was isolated and the trappers were unable to obtain supplies, and the winter proved quite severe, causing the party to abandon this post in 1811. It was situated where the town of Egin now stands. — CHITTENDEN, American Fur Trade.

74 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

FORT LAPWAI, Nez Perce County.— The irritability of the Indians becom- ing more manifest, General Alvord determined upon the establishment of a permanent post at Lapwai, in the autumn of 1862. It was built under the superintendence of D. W. Porter of the First Oregon Cavalry and was situated upon the right bank of Lapwai Creek, three miles from its confluence with the Clearwater. The reservation was one mile square, but is now abandoned. It was named for the mission established near there by the Rev. Henry H. Spalding. — BANCROFT, History of Washington, -Idaho and Montana.

FORT LEMHI, Lemhi County. — This fort was named for Limhi (q. v.) , a character in the Book of Mormon. It was never a military post, but a fortification erected to protect the Mormon people who had settled there. It was constructed of mud and built on the river bottom near a creek bank. The walls were moulded in successive forms, made of twelve inch boards, placed one above the other, giving them the appearance of being made in layers. It was nine feet high, two feet wide and more than sixteen rods square with a bastion on the northeast corner. Adjoining the wall on the north was a stockade ten rods square made of ten inch round timbers twelve feet long, set on end three feet in the ground. Within the stockade were erected about twenty-five log cabins and perhaps one hundred people lived about the premises. Stock and machinery were placed in the mud fort while the cabins were shelter and living quarters for the families. They cultivated considerable ground, raising wheat and other farm products, being the first to apply irrigation to the lands in this State. In 1857 Brigham Young, with a considerable retinue, visited this settlement. The Bannack Indians killed two members of this settle- ment, stole their stock and succeeded in driving them back to Utah. This fort was established in June, 1855, and abandoned in March, 1858.— BANNOCK STAKE.

FORT SHERMAN, Kootenai County. — When this post was first established it was called Camp Coeur d'Alene, as it was situated on the north side of the lake of that name. It was subsequently named for Gen. William T. Sherman, who, while on a tour of inspection of the military forts of the Northwest, in 1877, visited this place and was very favorably impressed with the country, and recommended to Congress the establishment of a military reservation and a fort. It bordered the lake and the Spokane River, and included about one thousand acres. It proved of value during the mining days and the Coeur d'Alene min- ing trouble of the '90s, after which it was abandoned.— FRENCH, History of Idaho.

FRENCH, Payette County. — Named for Hon. Burton L. French who was born in Carroll County, Indiana, August 1, 1875; moved to Idaho, 1882; graduated from the University of Idaho, 1901; elected to the Ffty-eighth, Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth, Sixty-second, Sixty-third and Sixty- fifth Congresses. — Congressional Directory.

GILMORE, Lemhi County.— Named for John T., familiarly called "Jack Gilmer," of the Gilmer and Salisbury Stage Company, who was a

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 75

pioneer in the stage coach business in the West. He commenced staging in 1859, under Russell and Waddell, the first stage coach men of the West, continuing to work for Ben Holliday, who bought out that firm in 1861, who in turn sold to Wells, Fargo and Company in 1860, which latter company afterwards sold to Gilmer and Saulis- bury. A clerk in the postoffice department in Washington copied the name wrong when the postoffice at Gilmore was established in 1903.

GLADE CREEK, Selway County. — This is the name which Captains Lewis and Clark gave to a small stream which they first encountered when they re-crossed into Idaho from the Bitterroot Valley over the Lolo trail on September 13, 1805. It was named from the fact of contain- ing so many beautiful mountain glades and still bears this name and flows into the Lochsa River.

GODDIN RIVER, Butte County. — This river was named for Thyery Goddin, an old Hudson Bay trapper, who discovered the stream in 1820 and was also murdered thereon by the Blackfeet Indians in 1830. In the early 70s, when the settlers came onto this stream,- they called it Big Lost River (q. v. ) , as its flow would sink and rise, then sink and become lost from view, whence the waters flowed underground by various channels to the Snake River. — ROSS, Journal.

GOLD DISCOVERIES. — Gold was first discovered on the Pacific slope in 1845, somewhere on the headwaters of TMalheur River, Oregon, by a party of lost emigrants who were wandering through that country. This discovery was called the "lost mine," and the "mine of the lost emigrants," and the "blue bucket mine," as the emigrants stated that a blue bucket, which they had of two gallons capacity, could have been filled with nuggets. After the discovery of gold in California, in 1849, diligent search was made for these mines, but it is supposed that they were never found; however, it is quite probable that the numerous rich pockets of gold found in the Canyon City mines, situated in the vicinity of the "lost mines" were those seen in 1845. In 1852, some French-Canadians made the first discovery of gold in Idaho on the Pend Oreille River, but it was not of sufficient importance to attract attention. In 1854 Gen. F. W. Lander dis- covered gold along the Snake River while making a railroad recon- naissance from Walla Walla to South Pass. In 1858 some desultory placer mining was done along the Mullan wagon road (q. v.) , on some branches of the Coeur d'Alene River. In 1860, a Nez Perce Indian informed Capt. E. D. Pierce that while himself and two companions were camping at night among the defiles of his native mountains an apparition in the shape of a brilliant star suddenly burst forth from among the cliffs. They believed it to be the eye of the Great Spirit, and when daylight had given them sufficient courage they sought the spot and found a glittering ball that looked like glass embedded in the solid rock. The Indians believed it to be "great medicine," but could not get it from its resting place. With his ardent imagination fired by such a tale, Captain Pierce organized a company which, being piloted by a Nez Perce squaw, found the

76 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

famous Oro Fino mines (q. v.). While working in the Salmon River mines Moses Splawn was visited by a Bannack Indian who took an interest in looking at the gold which was being taken from the ground. One night, at camp, while smoking and talking, the Indian told Splawn that in a basin of the mountains far to the south he, as a boy, had picked up chunks of yellow metal such as he had seen worked out of the gravel and so described the place that Splawn, with a party of prospectors, discovered the Boise basin diggings in 1862. In 1863 a party of prospectors, headed by Michael Jordan and A. J. Reynolds, started to find the "lost mines" on Sinker Creek, so called because it was reported that emigrants, in fishing along this creek, used gold nuggets, picked up on the creek, for sinkers, discovered the famous gold and silver mines of Jordan Creek. — BANCROFT, History of Washington, Idaho and Montana.

GOOSE CREEK, Cassia County. — This stream was named by members of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company under Milton Sublette in 1832, because of the vast numbers of geese which congregated upon and fed along its course.

GRIMES CREEK, Boise County. — This creek was named for George Grimes of Oregon City, who was the leader of the prospecting party that dis- covered gold in the Boise basin in August, 1862. He was shot and killed by their Indian guide at the pass between the south fork of the Payette River and the stream which bears his name. The guide was killed in the summer of 1863, by the party Iftd by Capt. J. J. Standifer which was hunting Indians that had murdered other miners. — BANCROFT, History of Washington, Idaho and Montana.

HAILEY, Elaine County. — Named for Hon. John Hailey who was born in Smith County, Tennessee, August 29, 1835; moved to Oregon, 1853; moved to Idaho and established a stage line, 1863 ; delegate to the Forty-third and Forty-ninth Congresses; librarian Idaho Historical Society; author of History of Idaho, published in 1910.

HAMER, Jefferson County. — Named for Hon. Thomas R. Hamer who was born in Fulton County, Illinois, May 4, 1864; graduated from the Bloomington Law School, 1891 ; moved to Idaho and entered upon the practice of the law, 1893; promoted to colonel in the Philippine War, 1899; elected to the Sixty-first Congress.

HAWLEY, Blaine County. — Named for Hon. James H. Hawley who was born in Dubuque County, Iowa, January 17, 1847; attended public schools of Iowa; moved to California, 1861; moved to Idaho and started mining, 1862; studied law and began its practice, 1871; United States district attorney for Idaho, 1885-9; governor of Idaho, 1910-12.

HENRY'S FORK AND LAKE, Fremont County. — These were named for Andrew Henry, who was a partner in the Missouri Fur Company and who, with a party and supplies attempted to establish a post at the three forks of the Missouri River in 1809, but was driven out by Blackf eet Indians, after which he moved south over the Continental

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 77

Divide and established Fort Henry (q. v.) . — CHITTENDEN, American Fur Trade.

HISTORICAL.— Until 1848 what is now Idaho was a part of the North- west const. From 1848 to 1853 it was a part of Oregon territory. From 1853 to 1859 nil Idaho north of 40° was attached to Washing- ton Territory, while all south of that line remained in Oregon. From 1859 to 1863 all Idaho was a part of Washington. The name Idaho was first applied in 18G3 when it was formed into a territory. In 1804 Montana and in 1808 Wyoming were created out of Idaho, and in 1890 it was admitted as the forty-third state of the American Union. Oregon is Idaho's grandmother; Washington her mother; and Montana and Wyoming her daughters.

HOLE. — This is a Rocky Mountain pioneer term meaning a level, grassy area surrounded by mountains. Later people designated such places as "basins" or "parks." Many of the narrow valleys of the Rocky Mountains were called "holes" in the early fur trading and trapping days. The name seems to have originated from the fact that the trapper, in passing up and down the main streams, would pass the narrow opening or outlet of the tributary, in the bank or bluff along the main river. These narrow openings in the hills appeared so much like holes that they received this name, and where a trapper was known to frequent one particular stream, the valley was usually named after him. — LEONARD, Narrative.

HUDSON BAY COMPANY. — This company was organized in England in 1670, with a charter to trade in Hudson Bay, Canada, and all other countries not possessed by other powers, its only obligation being to give to the King of England two elk and two beaver, should he ever visit their territory, which he never did. It exercised supreme civil and criminal jurisdiction over all countries and people that came under its sway. It had powers to pass laws, grant lands, and make war and peace. It owned in the Northwest country thirty trading posts, of which Fort Hall (q. v.) and Fort Boise (q. v.) were in- cluded. Idaho belonged to the Columbia district, with Fort Vancouver, Washington, its emporium and John McLoughlin the master in charge. Its business was solely trading and trapping, and it absorbed all other English companies and enjoyed its monopoly for two hundred years, but in 1870 its territory was brought under the Dominion of Canada. — BANCROFT, Northivest Coast.

HUNGRY CREEK, Selway County. — This creek was so named by Captain Clark on September 18, 1805, because here they had nothing to cat and had to go hungry. It is a small stream flowing into Lochsa River.

HUNT-ASTORIA PARTY. — The Pacific Fur Company was organized by John Jacob Astor for the purpose of monopolizing the fur businr— in the United States, by erecting trading posts from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with Astoria the principal depot. Two expeditions were sent to the mouth of the Columbia River in 1811. One by water and the other an overland expedition under the command of Wilson P. Hunt with sixty men. The party came into Idaho thru the Teton Pass (q. v.)

78 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

and at Fort Henry (q. v.) erected fifteen boats with which to float down the Snake River (q. v.) , but it proved so dangerous that they abandoned the boats and divided their party into two sections; one of eighteen men and guides under Hunt traveled the right bank of the river, and the other, with the remainder of the party under Ramsay Crooks, traveled the left bank. Out on the Snake River plains (q. v.) and desert they experienced great suffering, losing four- teen men, and so great were their privations that the expedition was characterized as one of unparalleled hardships in which was endured the greatest suffering ever known to American mountaineering. This was the first expedition across southern Idaho as the Lewis and Clark was the first across northern Idaho. — BANCROFT, Northwest Coast.

HYNDMAN PEAK.— This is the highest elevation in Idaho, being 12,078 feet above sea level, and is located on the Lost River range of moun- tains, which forms the county boundary between Custer and Elaine counties. It was named for Major William Hyndman, a veteran of the Civil War and a prominent lawyer and mining man of Wood River in the early '80s.

IDAHO CITY, Boise County.— Idaho City, which went at first by the name of "Moore's Creek," so named after Marion Moore, one of the first prospectors who discovered gold in that locality and mined ex- tensively there, and who was killed afterwards somewhere near South Pass ( q. v. ) . After the place began to grow populous, it took the name of Bannack and when still larger grown and able to sport city costumes its denizens voted to call their town "Idaho City." — BRISTOL, Idaho Nomenclature.

IDAHO PIONEER DAY. — This day is June 15th, which was made a holi- day by the State Legislature in 19-11. That was the day on which Fort Limhi (q. v.) was established by the Mormon people from Utah in 1855. Their historian states that the headwaters of the east branch of the Salmon River, how known as Lemhi River, was reached by the party and President Smith called a halt. Selecting five brethren of the camp he proceeded, on the 14th of June, about thirty miles farther down the river to explore for a suitable place to locate a settlement. On the 15th they selected a site for a fort and a tract of land for farming.— BANNOCK STAKE.

INDIANS. — Columbus called the natives who occupied the country where he landed "Indios," i. e., natives of India, whence the English word "Indian," meaning the people inhabiting aboriginal America. There have been many absurd and extravagant speculations as to the origin of the American Indian and the numerous popular fallacies have derived them, both in remote and modern times, from all regions of the Old World. Two theories are most conspicuous; first, that of Welsh Indians, who were descended from a reputed colony founded by Prince Madoc, but the effort to identify such tribes caused the theory to recede farther and farther west until it vanished over the Pacific. It was thought that in the names Moqui and Modoc, Welsh

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 79

elements were detected; second, that of the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel, endeavoring by distorted views to make a resemblance in ideas, cus- toms and institutions between the American Indian and the ancient Hebrew; also the Mormon religion is founded upon the dispersion of some of the Jewish race in America. However, no theory of a foreign origin has been proven or even fairly sustained. Scientists now regard the Indian as autochthonic and not of exotic origin, and ethnologists consider them a single specie of the human race and divide them into fifty-five linguistic families. The Indians of Idaho belong to the Shoshonean ( q. v. ) , Shahaptan ( q. v. ) , Salishan ( q. v.) and Kitunahan (q. v.) families. — Encyclopaedia Britannica.

INDIAN AGENTS.— It was natural that the army should be the first part of our administrative system to come in contact with the aborigines, and therefore all business connected with Indian affairs was, in the beginning, conducted by and thru the War Department. The agents first appointed were military officers and given the rank of major. In 1849, Indian affairs were transferred to the Interior Department and administered by civil officers; however, the empty title of major still adhered to Indian agents. After 1849 each governor of a terri- tory was made the Superintendent of Indian Affairs in his jurisdic- tion, but in 1869 this was changed by President Grant, who assigned to the various religious denominations the appointment of agents from the different churches. This method, however, proved unsatis- factory and was soon abandoned, after which bonded agents appointed from civil life by the President for a term of four years was inaugu- rated. These appointments were political, according to the spoils sys- tem, and continued so until the advent of civil service reform, after which the Indian agent became designated a Superintendent and held his position under rules and regulations of the civil service com- mission.— REES, History of Lemhi County.

INDIAN CHARACTERISTICS.— Poetry, romance and the novel have created, in the popular mind, a higher type of Indian than ever existed. This false impression has worked a great injustice upon him by ex- pecting too much from his nature. Physically he was more adroit than the wildest game; more fleet of foot than the elk or deer, and more stealthy than the wolf. He ate a prodigious amount when food was plentiful, but could subsist on as little as any animal or person when compelled to do so. When rations were issued to him, a week's supply was consumed in two days, starving the balance of the time without a murmur. In his mind, the Indian was first in the plan of creation, being above and superior to any other race, and it only resulted in deterioration of the Indian and unfitted him for his higher destiny, to be taught anything by the white man as the paleface had not the capacity for knowing the true inwardness of things as had the red man. No method, instruction or persuasion ever changed his opinion one iota in regard to his own superiority. The name for his tribe always expressed this predominating thot, as its interpretation usually meant some kind of distinguished people.

80 IDAHO NOMENCLATURE

Every tribe had a vague myth or legend of the white man and was always expecting, some day, to meet him. The Indian considered the sun his father, the giver of light, both physical and mental, and also the source of his own spirit, which would eventually return to it. The sun he called "Tahbe," meaning the "shining one." The white man being a later offspring, a younger brother as it were, was called "Ti-bo," or "one originating from the sun." Upon his first advent, the white man was usually welcomed by the Indian and shown the greatest hospitality, and the red man cheerfully divided with him his food supply. But the white man's grasping instincts and his innate desire to oppress the weak soon developed in the Indian a hatred of the white race, which is best expressed by Mr. Jefferson, when he wrote in the Declaration of Independence, "merciless Indian savages, whose known method of warfare is an undisguised destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions." The Indian considered the earth his mother from whence his body came and to her he expected it to return at death, and always loved that part of the world upon which he had been born, and held to it most tenaciously, even tho a desert or rock, and when the white man wanted to despoil him of his lands, it meant to him the taking away his mother and his sustenance which he re- sisted to the last. He met force with force, reason with a knife, and logic with a club. The country was his, and he, an uncontrolled child of nature, roamed over it without restraint and considered himself the perfection of the wild man and invoked the continuation of these conditions by his sun and ghost dances, the result of which would ultimately be the resurrection of all dead Indians. A belief in a "Good," "Evil" or "Great Spirit,' or the "Happy Hunting Ground" are conceptions created entirely by the white man, as originally the Indian had no such ideas. He had no religion, simply a superstition, in which every object was animated with some force within itself. To him noth- ing is accounted for by natural causes. Any investigator, wedded to a theory, having plenty of money, could obtain ample proof of his theory from most any one of the tribe, as the Indian liked to be led in con- versation, especially if there was anything in it, and too often have many fanciful theories of Indians been thus substantiated. It requires years of intimate acquaintanceship to understand their inward thots. No Indian ever had the most distant conception of the sentiment of gratitude. Numberless benefits could be conferred upon them for years, yet they would simply expect more. They do not seem to comprehend the motive which dictates an act of benevolence or charity, and they invariably attribute it to fear or the expectation of reward. When they make a present it is with a view of getting more than its equivalent in return. All the beautiful scenery and bounties of nature that please, ennoble and entrance the soul and of which the Indian was an especial recipient, did not inspire him to softer ways of life nor ways of refined peace, but did show in his speech and in the consummate metaphors of Indian eloquence which was so manifest in all the race. The men were divided into war chiefs, civil chiefs, warriors and braves. They were

IDAHO NOMENCLATURE 81

not a brave people in that to meet an enemy on equal terms was con- sidered by them extreme folly, and to fall in battle was reckoned rash- ness and imprudence. To use cunning, deceit and surprise or an attack of odds of ten to one was a point of honor with them, and to lie in wait and steal upon his prey or massacre helpless women and children were considered deeds of glory. As to the