THE

IPIROOIEIEIDIIISrGi-S

LINNEAN SOCIETY

OF

NEW SOUTH WALES.

(SEOOISTID SERIES.)

VOL. VI.

WITH FORTY-THREE PLATES.

(Plates i.-xii., xii. bis, and xiii.-xlii.)

FOR THIS TEAE 1891.

SYDNEY:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY

BY

F. CUNNINGHAME & CO., 146 PITT STREET.,

AND

SOLD BY THE SOCIETY.

1892.

SYDNEY :

F. CUNNINGHAME AND CO., PRINTERS,

PITT STREET.

CONTENTS OP VOL. VI.

(SEOOHSTD SERIES-)

PART I.

(Issued September 9th, 1891.)

PAGE

Notes on the occurrence of Stilbite in the Eruptive Rocks of Jamberoo,

N.S.W. By B. G. Engelhardt. (Plate i.) 5

Notes on a small Collection of Hymenoptera from Narrabri, N.S.W. By W. W. Froggatt 13

Description of a new Species of Tortricidse. By J. Hartley Durrant 17

On the Anatomy of some Tasmanian Land Snails. By C. Hedley,

F.L.S., Corr. Mem. (Plates ii.-m.) 19

Stray Notes on Lepidoptera. No. 2. By A. Sidney Olliff 27

Notes on Australian Aboriginal Stone Weapons and Implements.

Nos. x.-xv. By R. Etheridge, Junr. (Plates iv.-viii.) 31

On the Classification of Eucalypts. By the Rev. W. Woolls, Ph.D.,

F.L.S 49

The Land Molluscan Fauna of British New Guinea. By C. Hedley,

F.L.S. , Corr. Mem. (Plates ix.-xii. and xn. bis.)} .. 67

On the Trail of an Extinct Bird. By C. W. De Vis, M. A., Corr. Mem. 117

Note on an Extinct Eagle. By C. W. De Vis., M.A., Corr. Mem. ... 123

Elections and Announcements 1,9,45

Donations 1, 9, 45

Notes and Exhibits 8,43,125

•27774

IV. CONTENTS.

PART II.

(Issued December 22nd, 1891.)

PAGE On the Occurrence of Barite (Barytes) in the Hawkesbury Sandstone

near Sydney. By H. G. Smith, Technological Museum, Sydney... 131

Notes on Australian Economic Botany. No. n. By J. H. Maiden,

F.L.S., F.C.S 133

On the occurrence of a Gum in Echinocarpus (SloaneaJ Australis,

Beitfh. By J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., F.C.S 140

Onyx and Dipeltis: new Nematode Genera, with a Note on Dorylaimus. ByN. A. Cobb ...143

In confirmation of the Genus Owenia so-called. By C. W. De Vis,

M. A, Corr. Mem. (Plate xiii.) 159

A Contribution to the Geology and Petrography of Bathurst, N.S.W.

By Rev. J. Milne Curran, F.G.S. (Plates xiv.-xviii.) 173

Remarks on Post-Tertiary Phascolomyidce. By C. W. De Vis, M.A.,

Corr. Mem. 235

Description of a new Marine Shell. By C. Hedley, F.L.S., and C.

T. Musson, F.L.S. (Plate xix., figs. 1-3) 247

Note on the Ova of Helicarion robustus, Gould. By C. Hedley, F.L.S. 248

Angophora Kino. By J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., F.C.S 253

The Incisors of Scejjarnodon. By C. W. De Vis, M.A., Corr. Mem.

(Plate xxii.) 258

Contributions to a more exact Knowledge of the Geographical Distribu- tion of Australian Batrachia. No. n. By J. J. Fletcher . 263

Description of a supposed new Cystignathoid Frog. By J. J. Fletcher 275

Description of a new Cone from Mauritius. By J. Brazier, F.L.S.

(Plate xix., fig. 4.) 276

On Queensland and other Australian Lepidoptera, with Descriptions of New Species. By Thomas P. Lucas, M.R.C.S.E., L.S.A. ... 277

Elections and Announcements 127,169

Donations 127, 169, 250

Notes and Exhibits 166,248,307

CONTENTS. v.

PART III.

(Issued May 23rd, 1892.)

PAGE The Silurian Trilobites of New South Wales, with References to those

of other parts of Australia. Part i. By R. Etheridge, Junr., Palaeontologist to the Australian Museum, and Geological Survey of N.S.W.; and John Mitchell, Public School, Narellan. (Plate xxv.) 311

On the Synonymy of Helix (Hadra) gulosa, Gould. By John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., F.L.S 321

Observations on the Chloraemidae, with special Reference to several Australian Forms. By W. A. Haswell, M.A., D.Sc. Edin., F.L.S. , Challis Professor of Biology, University of Sydney. (Plates xxvi.- xxviii.) 329

Notes on Australian Aboriginal Stone Weapons and Implements. Nos. xvi.-xvii. By R. Etheridge, Junr., Palaeontologist to the Aus- tralian Museum, and Geological Survey of N.S.W. (Plates xxix.- xxxvi.) 357

The Examination of Kinos as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Eucalypts.

Part iii.— The Turbid Group. By J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., F.C.S. 389

Descriptions of two new Species of Carenum from West Australia, with Notes on the Synonymy and Distribution of some previously described Species. By T. G. Sloane ■ 427

Jottings from the Biological Laboratory of Sydney University. By Professor W. A. Haswell, M.A., D.Sc. —

15. On a simple Method of substituting strong Alcohol for a watery

Solution in the Preparation of Specimens 433

Residue of the Extinct Birds of Queensland as yet Detected. By C.

W. De Vis, M.A., Corr. Mem. (Plates xxiii.-xxiv.) 437

Observations on Plants collected during Mr. J. Bradshaw's Expedition to the Prince Regent's River. By Baron von Mueller, K.C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S . 457

Notes on Australian Coleoptera, with Descriptions of new Species.

Part x. By the Rev. T. Blackburn, B.A., Corr. Mem 479

On a Collection of Land and Freshwater Shells from Queensland. By C. Hedley, F.L.S., and C. T. Musson, F.L.S 551

VI. CONTENTS.

PART III. (continued).

PAGE

Descriptions of some new Species of Pulmonate Mollusca from Australia and the Solomon Islands. By J. C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S. (Plates xx. and xxi.) 565

Description of a new Diplomorpha. By W. D. Hartman, M.D. (Communicated by J. C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S.) (Plate xxi., figs. 1, 3, and 6) 571

Some New South Wales Plants illustrated. No. i. By R. T. Baker,

Assistant Curator, Technological Museum, Sydney. (Plate xxxvn.) 572

Elections and Announcements 308, 382, 383

Donations 308, 383

Notes and Exhibits 307,381,574

PART IV.

(Issued June 10th, 1892.)

PAGE

Revision of Australian Lepidoptera, By E. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.S. Partv. ... 581

On two undescribed Exudations from the Leguminosse. By J. H. Maiden, F.L.S., &c 679

The Land Molluscan Fauna of British New Guinea. (Anatomical Supplement, continued from p. 115.) By C. Hedley, F.L.S. (Plates xxxviii.-xlii.) 685

On a Form of Womerah, or "Thro wing-stick," presumed to be undes- cribed. By R. Etheridge, jun. (Palaeontologist to the Australian Museum, and Geological Survey of N. S. Wales) 699

In Memoriam— Sir William Macleay, Kt., F.L.S

Donations

Notes and Exhibits

President's Address

Office bearers and Council for 1892

, M.L.C 705

579,683

682, 703

706

723

Title-page, Contents, Index to Vol. vi. (2nd Ser.), List of Plates, a Corrigenda.

LIST OF PLATES. VOL. VI.

(SECOND SERIES).

Plate i.— Stilbite from the eruptive rocks of Jamberoo, N.S.W.

Plates II. -in. — Tasmanian Land Snails.

Plates iv. -viii. — Australian Aboriginal Stone Weapons and Implements.

Plates ix. -xii. and xn. bis. — British New Guinea Land Mollusca.

Plate xiii. — Euowenia robusta, De Vis.

Plates xiv.-xviii. — Illustrative of the Geology and Petrography of Bathurst.

N.S.W. Plate xix. — Marine Mollusca : Eulimella moriiliforme, Hedley and Musson,

and Conus (Chelyconus) worcesteri, Brazier. Plates xx. -xxi. — Australian and Solomon Islands Pulmonate Mollusca. Plate xxii. — Incisors of Sceparnodon ramsayi, Owen. Plates xxiii.-xxiv. — Queensland Extinct Avian Remains. Plate xxv. — Australian Silurian Trilobites. Plates xxvi. -xxviii. — Australian Chlorsemids. Plates xxix. -xxxvi.— Australian Aboriginal Implements. Plate xxxvii. — Acacia prommens, A. Cunn. Plates xxxviii. -xlii. — Anatomy of New Guinea Land Mollusca.

CORRIGENDA.

Page 51, line 11 — for E. gneorifolia read E. cneorifolia.

Page 53, line 25 — for E. melissodora read E. melissiodora.

Page 123, line 22 — for Haliastur leucogaster read Haliastur leucostemus.

Page 474, line 11 — for Steliotropium tenuifolium read Heliotropium

TENUIFOLIUM.

Page 558, line 6— for P. pedicula read Pupa pedicula. Page 563, line 2 — for B. pryamidatus read B. pyramidatus.

(See also Errata on p. 698. )

^E^OOEEIDIDSr&S

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY

OF

n^E'^y SOUTH WALES.

WEDNESDAY, 28th JANUARY, 1891.

Dr. J. C. Cox, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Walter S. Duncan, Inverell, was elected a member of the Society.

DONATIONS.

Two Pamphlets entitled — " Notes on West Australian Oology, &c." and "Notes on the Zoology of Houtman's Abrolhos." By A. J. Campbell, F.L.S. From the Author.

", Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom." From the Associatio7i.

"The Victorian Naturalist." Vol. VIII., Nos. 8 and 9 (Dec, 1890, and Jan., 1891). From the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria.

2 DONATIONS.

" Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1890." Part 3 ; " Abstracts " for Nov. 8th, and Dec. 2nd, 1890." From the Society.

Asiatic Society of Bengal— " Journal." Vol. LI. (1882), Part i., Nos. 1-4, Part ii., Nos. 14; Vol. LII. (1883), Part i. Nos. 1-4, Part ii., Nos. 1-4 (in 2 without title page and Plates i., ix. and x.); Vol. LIII. (1884), Part L, Nos. 1, 2, and Special No. ( = Nos. 3 and 4), Part ii., Nos. 1-4 ; Vol. LIV. (1885), Parti., Nos. 1-4, Partii., Nos. 1-4 ; Vol. LV. (1886), Part i., Nos. 1-3, Part ii., Nos. 1 5 ; Vol. LVII. (1888), Part ii., No. 5 ; Vol. LVIII. (1889), Part i., Suppl. ( = Part 4); Vol. LIX. (1890), Part i., Nos. 1 and 2, Part ii., No. 1 and Suppl. No. 1 ; "Proceedings" for the years 1882- 1886, and 1890, Nos. 1-3. From the Society.

11 Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris." Tome CXI., Nos. 14-20. From the Academy.

"Geological and Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada. — Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Part V. — Acrogens." By J. Macoun, M.A. ; " List of Canadian Hepaticse." By W. H. Pearson. From the Director of the Survey.

"American Naturalist." Vol. XXIV., No. 286 (Oct., 1890). From the Editors.

"Johns Hopkins University Circulars." Vol. X., No. 83 (Nov., 1890). From the University.

" U. S. Department of Agriculture. — Insect Life." Vol. III., No. 3 (Nov., 1 890). From the Secretary of Agriculture, Washing- ton.

" Proceedings of the United States National Museum." Vol. XIIL, Nos. 822-824, 826-828 (1890). From the Museum.

"Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes." No. 242 (Dec, 1890). From the Editor.

" Societe Botanique de Lyon. — Bulletin Trimestriel, 1889, No. 3." From the Society.

DONATIONS. 3

" The Perak Government Gazette." Vol. III., No. 34 (Dec. 12, 1890). From the Government Secretary.

" The Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Archives." Vol. XL, No. 11 (Nov., 1890). From the Editor.

"Zoologischer Anzeiger." XIII. Jahrg., Nos. 350 and 351 (Dec, 1890). From the Editor.

"Bulletin de la Societe Royale de Geographie d' Anvers." Tome XV, Fasc. 1 (1890). From the Society.

" Bulletin de la Societe Beige de Microscopie. xvn.me Annee, No. 1 (Oct., 1S90). From the Society.

" The Spectrum — An Australian Journal of Science." Vol. I., No. i. From the Editor.

" New Zealand Journal of Science." Vol. I., new Series, No. 1 (Jan., 1891). From the Publisher,

" Reichenbachia — Orchids Illustrated and Described." By F. Sander. Second Series. Vol. I., Parts 1 and 2 ; " Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift." LIIL Band, 1 Heft (1890); "Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung." 51 Jahrg., Nos. 4-6 (1890). Also the following Journals, Magazines, &c, for 1890, as pub- lished : — " The Athenaeum ;" " Annals and Magazine of Natural History ;" " English Mechanic ;" " Entomologist ;" " Entomolo- gists' Monthly Magazine;" "The Field ;" " Geological Magazine ;" " The Ibis ;" "Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ;" "Journal of Botany ;" " Nature ;" " Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society ;" " Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science ;" " Science Gossip ;" "The Zoologist ;" " The Scottish Geographical Magazine." From the Hon. Sir William Macleay, F.L.S., M.L.C.

" Records of the Geological Survey of India." Vol. XXIIL, Part 4 (1890). From the Director.

"Department of Mines — Memoirs of the Geological Survey of N.S.W. Palaeontology, No. 7. The Mesozoic and Tertiary Insects of N.S.W." By R. Etheridge, Junr., and A. S. Olliff. From the Minister for Mines.

4 DONATIONS.

" Reports of Geological Explorations (New Zealand) during 1887-88"; " Twenty -third Annual Report on the Colonial Museum and Laboratory" (New Zealand); "Report on a Journey from Adelaide to Hale River." By H. Y. L. Brown. From R. Etheridge, junr., Esq.

"Grundziige der Botanik" (1877). Von Dr. C. Luerssen ; " Methodisches Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Botanik" (1880). Yon Dr. W. J. Behrens ; " Lehrbuch der Botanik fur Mittelschulen " (1876). Yon Dr. K. Prantl; " Grundziige der Zoologie" (1876). Yon Dr, C. Claus ; " Entwickelungsgeschichte der Wirbelthiere " (1861). VonH. Rathke; "Zur Morphologie der monokotylischen Knollen- und Zwiebelgewachse " (1850). Yon T. Irmisch ; "All- gemeine Befcrachtungen iiber die Triebe der Thiere " (1773). Yon H. S. Reimarus ; " Geologie oder Entwickelungsgeschichte der Erde und ihrer Bewohner" (1858). 2 Yols. Yon Sir Charles Lyell ; " Recherches Helminthologiques en Danemark et en Islande" (1866). Par H. Krabbe ; One bound volume of Pamphlets on biological subjects. From Oscar Katz, Esq., M.A., Ph.D.

" Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou." Annee 1890, No. 2. From the Society.

" Annales de la Societe Royale Malacologique de Belgique." T. XXI Y. (1889); Proces-verbeaux des Seances" (August, 1889, to August, 1890). From the Society.

11 Australasian Journal of Pharmacy." Yol. VI., No. 1 (Jan., 1891). From the Editor.

PAPER READ.

NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF STILBITE IN THE ERUPTIVE ROCKS OF JAMBEROO, N.S.W.

By B. G. Engelhardt.

(Plate i.)

This zeolite is mentioned by Prof. Liversidge, M.A., F.R.S., as having been found in a few New South Wales localities,* but, as far as I am aware, it has not yet been reported from Kiama and its vicinity. While collecting specimens of the different eruptive rocks in the neighbourhood of Jamberoo, I observed a bright red mineral in some pieces of a dense, fine-grained basalt, obtained from the northern flank of " Wallaby Hill," an eminence on the south of the Minnamurra Valley. Shortly after, I found the same mineral in a porphyritic dolerite, not far from the locality just mentioned.

In either the basalt or dolerite, the mineral in question occurs almost invariably in more or less circular crystalline masses, from 5 to 100mm. in diameter; but in one instance it was found to have filled up a small fissure in the surrounding rock, having spread itself as a crust of small crystals over the adjacent surfaces of the matrix. The cleavage planes of the individual crystals in the stellate groups (in which form the mineral occurs most frequently) show the characteristic pearly lustre of stilbite. The crystals are flat prisms whose cleavage is so perfect, parallel to their shorter planes, that it was easy to split off laminse sufficiently thin and transparent for microscopical observation by transmitted light.

In colour the mineral varies from a yellowish-white to purple- brown, but the most usual tints are flesh-red, scarlet, and brick-red.

* Minerals of N.S.W. , 1888, p. 187.

D NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF STILBITE,

Its hardness, tested at right angles to its cleavage, is above 3, calcite being easily scratched by it. Want of a sufficiently delicate balance prevented me from making an attempt to deter- mine its specific gravity. The crystals are subtranslucent to opaque.

Before the blow-pipe the mineral gave the following reactions : it exfoliated, swelled up into curiously shaped white ramifications, fusing easily to an opaque white enamel. Moistened with cobalt nitrate and strongly ignited, the assay gave a somewhat dull blue mass, indicating presence of alumina. In the closed tube it yield eel water readily. The powdered mineral was decomposed by hot hydrochloric acid, leaving after evaporation the silica as a some- what slimy powder. The filtered solution, after super-satuiation with ammonia, gave with oxalic acid a distinct white precipitate of oxalate of lime.

I next examined a thin cleavage section under the microscope. Its appearance by central illumination when magnified 50 diameters is shown in PI. I., fig. 1. Bright orange bands, more or less recti- linear, and of varying degrees of intensity of colour, traverse the section of the mineral parallel to each other. (The greater or less vividness of the tint, no doubt, depends on the thickness of the section at various points, as well as on the mass of pigment injected.) These bands are crossed at right angles by others having either the same colour or a brownish tint. Between these coloured stripes appear colourless or faintly yellow portions, while everywhere, but especially in the deeply coloured regions, groups of black dots are visible, often arranged into lines running parallel to the orange bands mentioned above. Irregularly scattered over the colourless or faintly yellow parts of the slide are small patches of a bright yellow or orange tint, encircling a greater or less number of small black particles. At the point marked A in PI. I., fig. 1, these crystallites are arranged in lines concentric with the contour of the surrounding colour patch. Prof. Zirkel, in his " Beschaffenheit der Mineralien und Gesteine,"* states that these

* Op. ciL, p. 167.

BY B. G. ENGELHARDT. 7

black spots are the pigment which gives to stilbite its various shades of colour, and that they are microscopic crystals of either gothite, limonite, or perhaps red hematite, the mineral itself being originally colourless.

PL I., fig. 2, represents an almost colourless section of stilbite, only a few yellow spots being visible, but the orange bands are almost totally absent, while comparatively few of the black crystallites are present. In a similar specimen, unfortunately lost by an accident in mounting, I observed some beautiful dendrites of a bright sulphur-yellow, and as perfectly developed as the macroscopic dendrites of manganese oxide so often found on the cleavage planes of schists, slates, «tc.

The occurrence of these dendritic aggregates tends to prove, to my mind, conclusively, that the pigment of red stilbite entered the mineral by the process of secondary infiltration of a solution of hydrated per-oxide of iron, derived from the hydration of the magnetite in the surrounding basalt. The solution has spread itself between the thin laniime composing the prisms of stilbite, having found its way through the hair-like cracks (due to shrinkage caused by the drying-up of the fluid in which the zeolite crystal- lized) which can be seen traversing the section in irregularly curved lines.

Between crossed Kicols the mineral proved to be anisotropic, suffering four extinctions in a complete revolution of the section. It is also very slightly pleochroic, the different tints darkening feebly when the section is rotated above the fixed polariser.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

In reference to Mr. Engelhardt's paper Mr. David remarked that the occurrence of stilbite at Kiama was very interesting. He too had noticed the presence of the same mineral with remarkable persistence in the lavas which are interbedded with the productive coal-measures of Raymond Terrace, Maitland, and Greta, which lavas are probably of near about the same age as those of Kiama. Mr. R. L. Jack, F.G.S., the Govt. Geologist of Queensland, has recorded the occurrence of a similar mineral in the lavas which there underlie the Bowen River coal-field. This is the first record however of the occurrence of stilbite at Kiama.

Mr. Brazier exhibited a lamp of native pottery from the Pelew Islands, collected by Dr. John Rabe. Also on behalf of Mr. R. C. Rossiter, Corr. Member, of Noumea, New Caledonia, two very fine examples of Cyproza tigris, Linne, having the dorsal surface of a fine bright yellow colour with very few spots, the margins having the spots very small and of a beautiful cream colour.

Mr. Froggatt exhibited two specimens of a grasshopper (Fam. Gryllidce), taken at Double Bay, which frequents the flowers of Eucalyptus corymbosa in order to capture the common honey bees (Apis mellificaj visiting the blossoms.

Also, a few specimens of Hymenoptera received from the Rev. T. Blackburn, B.A., who captured them on the snow at altitudes of from 5,000 to 6,100 feet, during his trip to the Australian Alps, Victoria, last November.

Mr. Musson exhibited on behalf of Mr. Moseley of Narrabri, an example of the freckled duck, Stietonetta ncvvosa, Gould, obtained at Narran, near Angledool, not far from the Queensland border, early in December last.

The Rev. R. Collie showed an interesting collection of sponges from Wollongong, and a fine specimen of Gorgonia from Thursday Island.

WEDNESDAY, 25th FEBRUARY, 1891,

The Hon. James Norton, LL.D., M.L.C., in the Chair,

Mr. C. J. K. Uhr was present as a visitor.

DONATIONS.

Pamphlet entitled "The Lejeuneae of Lindenberg's Herba- rium." By W. H. Pearson. From the Author.

"Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1890." Part 6 (Dec). From the Society.

" Bulletin de la Societe Beige de Microscopie," xvnme. Annee, No. 2 (1890). From the Society.

" The Perak Government Gazette." Vol. iii., No. 35 (Dec, 1890). From the Government Secretary.

" Report upon the State Forests of Victoria." By G. Perrin, F.L.S. From the Author.

" Hints for the Preservation of Specimens of Natural History " (4th edition). From the Trustees of the Australian Museum.

"Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of N.S.W." Vol. XXIV. Part 1 (1890). From the Society.

" Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences." Vol. XXIV. (1888-89). From the Academy.

10 DONATIONS.

" The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History." Vol. xiii., No. 2 (1890). From the Society.

" Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, U.S.A." Vols. I., II. (wanting No. 1), III. (wanting Nos. 1, 2, 5, title-page and index), IV., V. (wanting Nos. 2-5), VI., VII. (No. 1 and index), VIII., IX., X., No. 1 (1863-82), and XX, Nos. 3 and 4 (1890); "Annual Report, 1889-90." From the Curator.

"Johns Hopkins University Circulars." Vol. X., No. 84 (Dec, 1890). From the University.

"The American Naturalist." Vol. XXIV., No. 287 (Nov., 1890). From the Editors.

Department of Agriculture, U.S.A. — "Insect Life." Vol. ill., No. 4 (1890). From the Secretary of Agriculture.

" The Canadian Record of Science." Vol. IV., No. 4 (1890). From the Montreal Nat. Hist. Society.

" The Journal of Comp. Medicine, and Veterinary Archives." Vol. XI., No. 12 (1890). From the Editor.

U.S. National Museum. — "Proceedings." Vol. XIII., Nos. 821 and 825; "Report," 1887-88 (Ten Parts, pp. 3-84, 93-104, 107-111, 225-386, 387-491, 493-529, 531-587, 589-596, 597-671, 677-702). From the Museum.

" L'Academie Royale de Copenhague — Bulletin pour 1890." No. 2 (Mars-Mai). From the Society,

" Zoologischer Anzeiger." xiii. Jahig. No. 352 (Dec, 1890). xiv. Jahrg. No. 353 (Jan., 1891). From the Editor.

" Comptes Rendns des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris." Tome cxi., Nos. 21-23 (Nov. and Dec, 1890;. From the Academy.

DONATIONS. 11

Three Government Reports— [1] " Food-Fishes of Queensland" (1889); [2] "Pearl and Pearl-shell Fisheries of Queensland" (1890); [3] " Beche-de-Mer and Pearl-shell Fisheries of N. Queensland ;" also two Pamphlets, " Presidential Address to the Queensland Royal Society" (Nov., 1890); and "Oysters and Oyster-culture in Australasia." By W. Saville-Kent, FLS., F.Z.S., &c. From the Author.

"Victorian Naturalist." Vol. XII., No. 10 (Feb., 1891). From the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria.

"Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes — Catalogue de la Bibliotheque." Fasc. No. 10. From the Editor.

"The Darwinian Theory of the Origin of Species." By F. P. Pascoe, F.L.S. From the Author.

"Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1890." Part iv. (Dec, 1890). From the Society.

" Leitfaden fiir den Unterricht in der Zoologie." Von Dr. Otto Vogel; "Vorwort zu dem Leitfaden;" "Zoologische Zeichentafeln;" "Leitfaden, &c., in derBotanik;" "Die Cryptogamen Deutschlands." Von Dr. O. Wiinsche (1875) ; " Pflanzen-Tabellen." Von Dr. A. B. Frank ; " Synopsis der Pflanzenkunde " (1847). Von Prof. J. Leunis ; "Die Lebenden Schnecken und Muscheln der Umgegend Berlins." Von J. P. E. Stein. From Dr. Katz.

"Agricultural Gazette of N.S.W." Vol. II. Part 1 (Jan., 1890). From the Director of Agriculture.

"Journal of Conchology." Vol. vi., No. 8 (Oct., 1890). From the Conchological Society of Great Britain.

"The Minerals of New South Wales, etc." (1888). By A. Liversidge, M.A., F.R.S. ; " Records of the Geological Survey of N.S.W." Vol. II. Part ii. (1890). From the Department of

Mines.

1 2 DONATIONS.

" Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique cle France." Tome XV., Nos. 8 and 9 (1890). From the Society.

"Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatoinia Comparata della R. University di Torino." Vol. V., Nos. 74-93 (1890). From the Museum.

" Department .of Agriculture, Brisbane — Bulletin." Nos. 1-6 (1890). From the Under-Secretary for Agriculture.

" List of named Insects in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide." Third Series. From J. G. 0. Tepjier, Esq., F.L.S.

13

NOTES ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF HYMENOP TERA FROM NARRABRI, N.S.W.

By Walter W. Froggatt.

I beg to offer the following brief notes, bearing chiefly on the subject of geographical range, on a small but very interesting collection of bees and wasps obtained in the neighbourhood of Narrabri, N.S.W., by Mr. C. T. Musson, F.L.S, and forming part of the general collection exhibited by him at the meeting of this Society in December last. As far as it goes it is a typical collection of Australian hymenoptera ; no species of Formicidce or Mutillidce are represented in it, and Mr. Musson, to whom I am indebted for the specimens, tells me that he only took such wasps and bees as thrust themselves under his notice while collecting land molluscs. As little has yet been done in systematically collecting hymenoptera in this part of New South Wales, I have no doubt, judging from the specimens now before me, that it would prove a rich field to anyone devoting his time to this group.

Altogether, twenty-four species are contained in Mr. Musson's collection ; but several of them are not in sufficiently good condition for determination.

1. Gen. et sp. incert. (Fam. Ichneumonidce, subfam. Oryptmse). This species also occurs at Adelaide, S.A., in Victoria, and at

Sydney, where it is plentiful, and is parasitic on the larva of a common garden moth.

2. Gasteruption sp. (Fam. Evannidw).

A species which also occurs about Sydney.

3. Chrysis sp. (Fam. Chrysididce).

A species which has a wide range from Sydney northwards. Several species are parasitic in the clay nests of Alastor, and other genera of Eumenidte.

14 ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF HYMENOPTERA FROM NARRABRI,

4. Scolia CORONATA, Smith.

A large black wasp, with beautiful deep blue wings ; one of our commonest Sydney insects, but with an extensive range.

5. Pompilius aurifrons, Smith.

Also an insect with a very wide range, having been recorded from all parts of Australia.

6. Pelopo:us l^tus, Smith.

Two specimens of this handsome slender-bodied wasp ; unlike the members of most of the genera of the family S]ihegididce, it constructs clay cells, which it provisions with small spiders. It has a considerable range along the eastern coast, and is a common insect in the dry western or central lands.

7. Ammophila suspiciosa, Smith.

This species has a range from South Australia to Queensland, and is another of the common wasps in the western country, where, in company with the last species, it may be taken hovering over the flowers along the banks of creeks and lakes.

8. Pison spinol,e, Shuckard ; and |

q "D ,T»T,^T^.^^ a -4-u c (Farm Larridce.)

y. P. marginatus, Smith. J v ;

Members of this genus construct very thin clay nests of an

oval or elongate form, which they store with lepidopterous

larva? ; the young wasp larva?, when full grown, form strong

cocoons in which to undergo their metamorphosis. Both the

above species are recorded from Adelaide and Sydney.

10. Odynerus concolor, Saussure. )

11. O. bicolor, Saussure. j

Both species range from North Queensland to New South Wales.

12. Disccelius sp.?

I have this species also from Adelaide and Sydney.

13. Polistes humilis.

This large red-coloured paper wasp takes the place of our P. variabilis, Sauss., in the western parts of New South

BY WALTER W. FROGGATT. 15

Wales, and is much dreaded by bushmen on account of its severe sting. It is most likely this species which stung Major Mitchell ("Three Expeditions," &c, Vol. I., p. 104), and not Abispa australiana, Mitch., as generally stated.

Several of the most interesting specimens belong to the family Thynnidce ; and though so many species of this large family are restricted in their range, no part of Australia is without some representative of this fine group. Australia is the home of Thynnus, the only other parts of the world in which the species are found being several of the islands in the Pacific, and the western coast line of South America. According to Cresson's Catalogue the genus does not extend into North America.

14. Thynnus sp. (3 2s).

The females being wingless, often quite unlike in markings, and not one-third the size of, the males, it is almost an impossi- bility to determine a species from female specimens alone.

15. Thynnus pulchralis, Smith.

This beautiful wasp was described from South Australia, and is figured in Brenchley's "Cruise of the Curacoa" (1873). It has also been recorded from Rockhampton and Port Denison, Queensland, and the northern parts of New South Wales.

16. Thynnus Brenchleyi, Smith.

This distinctly marked insect was named by Smith after

Brenchley, who captured it at Champion Bay, W.A., and

presented the specimen to the British Museum. This species

is not represented in any of the collections in Australia, and

Mr. Musson's capture of it on the opposite side of the

continent, almost in the same latitude (Champion Bay being

about 100 miles north of Narrabri), is a very remarkable

discovery.

While referring to this group I should like to call attention to

another species described and figured in Brenchley's work, under

the name T. conspicuus. Smith, from the N.W. coast of Australia.

A number of specimens of this species are in the Macleay

Museum, which were taken by me feeding on the flowers of

16 ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF HYMENOPTERA FROM NARRABRI.

Melaleuca leucadendron growing on the banks of the Fitzroy River, near Derby, N. W. Australia. Previous to this, Smith (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1868, p. 233) had described a very different species from South Australia under the same specific name. Both specimens are in the British Museum, so that it is hard to understand why the error has not been rectified before.

I should propose that the northern species, which evidently has no right to the specific name cons2ncuus, should be re-named Smithii.

17. Xylocopa muscaria, Smith.

Four specimens (£) of the common carpenter-bee, which con- structs nests in the flower stalks of the grass-trees {Xantlior- rhcea) ; found all over New South Wales.

18. Xylocopa ^estuans, Latr.

Four specimens of this larger species, which ranges into North Queensland.

19. Crocisa nitidula, Fabr.

This handsome spotted bee has a wide lange, from South Australia to North Queensland.

20. Anthopora pulchra.

Three specimens of this fine blue-banded bee, which is found over the greater part of Australia.

21-23. Megachile spp.

Five specimens of leaf-cutting bees, referable to three species, all of which are also to be found about Sydney.

17

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TORTRIClDiE.

By J. Hartley Durrant.

(Communicated by A. Sidney Ollij}.)

tortricim:.

GRAPHOLITHINJE.

PAL^OBIA, Meyr. Pal^obia longestriata, sp.nov.

Antennce pale cinereous.

Palpi ochreous-brown, paler above.

Head and thorax ochreous-brown.

Forewings elongate, costa slightly arched at base, apical margin sinuate, apex hardly produced : ochreous-brown, above the fold a longitudinal white line extending from the base, becoming abruptly attenuated before attaining a somewhat triangular white spot, situated above the fold near the anal angle. This spot is convex towards the base of the wing, and very slightly concave externally ; above and before the triangular spot is a small round white spot ; between this spot and the longitudinal line the ground-colour is slightly darker, the basal two-thirds of the wing below the costa are slightly clouded with whitish, the veins themselves being indicated by the brownish ground-colour ; two distinct brown spots, separated by the paler colour, are situated on the apical third of the costa, the outer of which is continued across the wing as an indistinct fascia, becoming most noticeable on the outer side of the triangular spot ; this darker colouring is margined by a very indistinct paler fascia ; cilia slightly paler than the ground-colour with a darker line running through them near their base. 2

18 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TORTRICIDiE.

Hinclwings cinereous, slightly darker externally ; cilia cinereous, faintly tinged with ochreous and having a darker line running through them near their base. Abdomen greyish-fuscous ; anal tuft paler. Legs pale greyish-fuscous. Exp. al.t 15-17 mm. Hab : Tumut (C. W. Peel), Mt. Kosciusko, N.S. Wales, 6000ft.,

March, 1889 (R. Helms, Aust. Mus.). Type, <-££, Mus. Walsingham.

This species agrees in neuration and structure with the typical forms, but can hardly be said to have the apex of the forewings produced. It is a very distinct species.

19

ON THE ANATOMY OF SOME TASMANIAN SNAILS. By C. Hedley, F.L.S., Corr. Mem.

(Plates ii. and in.)

The material for this paper was chiefly collected by myself during a short holiday excursion to the Island of Tasmania. To Mr. W. F. Petterd, of Launceston, the well-known conchologist, and to Mr. W. R. Dyer, of Scottsdale, I am under great obligations; without the kind assistance of these gentlemen my scientific booty would have been but small.

As far as the shells are concerned, the molluscan fauna of Tasmania has been closely studied, but information regarding structural details of the animals is much needed. For until we have acquired this knowledge, no classification worthy of the name can be constructed. Full particulars of the shells whose soft parts I am about to describe will be found in the Monographs of Dr. Cox, Messrs. Legrand and Petterd, and further notices in the writings of Reeve, Semper, Quoy and Gaimard, Tenison- Woods, Tryon, Pilsbry, &c. It will therefore be unnecessary for me to add bibliographical references in dealing with these well- known species.

Bulimus dufresni, Leach.

This handsome shell has attracted the notice of every scientific visitor to the island. The figure of the animal in the " Voyage of the Astrolabe," Vol. n, pi. x., fig. 1, is unsatisfactory, showing as it does a well-marked pedal groove where none exists. I have therefore re-figured it in the accompanying plate. From a specimen of the small variety common round Hobart I drew up

20 ON THE ANATOMY OF SOME TASMANIAN SNAILS,

the following description : — Animal 35 mm. in total length and, measured a little posterior to the tentacles, 6 mm. in breadth, and the same in height; colour slate, sometimes with a yellowish tinge on the body, darkening into black on the tentacles, greyish- yellow on the sole of the foot and on the mantle-collar ; the muzzle and anterior dorsal area (in short, 4that space enclosed by the two conspicuous furrows which run back from the lips to the mantle, which I will call the facial area) are ornamented by long narrow tubercles, arranged in about a dozen longitudinal rows, the sides and tail are divided into irregular polygonal spaces, which are partially subdivided and finely granulated ; the tail tapers slightly, is rounded posteriorly, and never keeled ; the tentacles are 10 mm. long, tapering gradually, finely granulated, the bases 3 mm. apart, the terminal bulb is asymmetrical, being only developed on the under side ; the genital orifice appears just beneath the groove bounding the facial area, 5 mm. behind the risrht oculiferous tentacle. Habits bold and active ; the tail is the first portion to emerge from the mantle and the last to disappear within it ; when the animal is in motion the axis of the shell is oblique to that of the body, the initial whorl being carried on the right side of the tail, which projects 2 or 3 mm. beyond it, the penultimate whorl resting on a wide, smooth, saddle-like space. It haunts the under side of logs, stones, fallen tree-ferns, &c, and ranges over the whole island. Another animal, from the Kinga- rooma district, measured, total length 46 mm., height 12 mm., length of tentacles 15 mm. The egg has been described and figured by Tenison- Woods (P.L.S.N.S.W., Vol. m., p. 91, pL vii., fig. la.). Specimens of the egg of this species, which I received from Mr. Petterd, do not quite accord with the observation quoted ; they are regularly oval, not so rounded as the figure, pure white, shining, minutely granular, the granulations viewed through a lens recalling those on an emu's egg ; major axis, 11mm.; minor axis, 8 mm. Mr. Dyer tells me that they are

BY C. HEDLEY. 21

deposited in the ground under a log during October and November. The radula and genitalia have been figured by Semper, who incorrectly locates the species in the Sandwich Islands (Reis. im Philip. Vol. in., p. 123, pi. xii., figs. 23, 24, 25, and pi. xvi., fig. 7). The jaw I find to be boomerang-shaped, smooth, arcuate, ends rounded, with no median projection.

Bulimus tasmanicus, Pfeiffer.

This species is arboreal in its habits, and confined to a narrow belt of coast country. I was unable to visit its haunts and view the creature alive. Mr. Petterd kindly presented me with some alcohol specimens, from Maria Island, for dissection. He informs me that the animal is greenish-grey in colour, with flat, thin, pointed tail. This species, as might be inferred from the resemblance of the shells, closely approaches B. mastersi, Cox, (P.R.S.Q., Yol. vi., p. 250, pi. xiv.) in its dentition. The jaw is thin, membranous, semitransparent, light horn-colour, crossed obliquely on each side by about sixteen delicate folded ribs denticulating both margins ; these ribs run obliquely towards the median line of the jaw, and, meeting in the centre, form a median triangular space. The radula is composed of 130 rows of 84-5-1-5-84; of these the rachidian presents a single, ovate, lanceolate cusp, whose extremity reaches the margin of the basal plate ; this is flanked by five laterals having the distal posterior angle of the basal plate briefly alate and a small cusp developed upon the outer base of the main cusp, whose stout ovate blade just projects over the base of attachment ; seven rows from the centre the marginal type appears, the main cusp becoming bicuspidate ; on approaching the edge of the ribbon the teeth grow smaller, and assume that slender, sinuous aspect so characteristic of extreme marginals. The distinguishing features of the genitalia are : — penis-sac long and slender, produced into an extremely long flagellum, which is coiled up at the tip, and apparently without a

22 ON THE ANATOMY OF SOME TASMANIAN SNAILS,

retractor muscle ; prostate aud vagina spirally twisted, the former connected by a short but much convoluted hermaphrodite duct with the ovotestis, a compact bilobed body.

Anoglypta launcestonensis, Reeve.

This species is confined to a mountainous district in the N.E. of the island. I collected it among the fern-tree gullies on Mr. Dyer's estate, where it was plentiful. The animal was not very different in form from B. dufresni, and measured (total length) 47 mm. ; tentacles 10 mm. ; colour dark chestnut shaded to choco- late on the back, tentacles shaded to black on the tips. Habits very shy and timid, crawling very slowly; it frequents damp places under logs and decaying stems of tree-ferns. The fire and axe of civilisation threaten to diminish the already narrow range of this splendid and interesting species ; but its haunts are so rugged and remote that I do not fear its extinction. Mr. Dyer says that an egg resembling, though different from, that of B. dufresni is laid by this mollusc at similar seasons and in similar localities. The jaw is rather straight and broad, irregularly slightly dentate on the cutting margin, smooth on the convex margin, closely and finely transversely striate. The teeth are arranged in 160 rows of 40-6-1-6-40 ; the rachidian cusp is single, straight, slender, smaller than the laterals, the cutting point reaching four-fifths of the length of the widely expanded basal plate ; the laterals possess a single stout cusp with a rounded cutting point overlapping the posterior margin of the basal plate, whose distal margin is alate ; from these the marginals differ in the longer more inclined cusp, the extreme marginals having their cusps low and irregularly notched. The genitalia are characterised by a long, flattened, twisted penis-sac, retractor muscle inserted near apex, and the spermatheca on a long slender duct.

BY C. HEDLEY. 23

Rhytida lampra, Pfeiffer.

This carnivorous mollusc is generally distributed throughout Tasmania. Mr. Petterd relates its cannibal propensities as similar to those of its Queensland relative (P.R.S.Q., Vol. v., p. 152). The specimen I examined measured, when expanded, 40 mm. from head to tail ; but I am informed that the species in other localities attains larger dimensions. Colour, orange-brown on the edge of the foot, passing through chestnut-brown to black upon the head and tentacles, mantle-collar orange-brown. Down the centre of the back runs a small groove from the shell to between the tentacles, and on either side of this the facial area is ornamented by three longitudinal rows of small round tubercles ; tail and sides divided into irregular polygonal spaces which are partially sub-divided and finely granulated. The tail is extremely short, hardly passing the shell, while the anterior portion of the body, as in other Agnatha, is capable of a leech-like extension, a provision for enabling the creature to stretch itself into the remoter whorls of a shell whose inhabitant it may be engaged in devouring. Habits bold and active ; crawls more rapidly than the HelicidcB usually do. The radula is constructed of 75 rows of 40-0-40, is strap-shaped, measuring 15 mm. in length and 4 in breadth, each half-row curving from the margin and meeting its fellow at an acute angle in the centre of the ribbon ; the rachidian (as is usual in the genus) has been lost, the two inner- most laterals are usually rudimentary, but the third attains its full development, having a basal plate the shape of the sole of a man's foot and a straight slender cusp in the same plane, the whole tooth resembling a clasp knife with the blade open ; the teeth continue of the same size to the margin, the pattern differing slightly by the basal plate of the remotest becoming triangular. In the genitalia the penis-sac is slender; a sessile globose sperma- theca is inserted upon a short pyriform vagina.

24 ON THE ANATOMY OF SOME TASMANIAN SNAILS,

Helicarion verreauxi, Pfeiffer.

This is the southernmost member of its genus, the "enfant perdu" of its race. The other species that have been associated with it, fumosa, Tenison-Woods, and milligani, Pfeiffer, may be referred to Paryphanta until their position be authoritatively- decided by scalpel and microscope. Like B. dufresni and R. lampra, this species ranges over the entire island, hiding in dry weather under logs and stones. The animal measures 37 mm. in total length, resembles in form the continental species, //. robustus, Gould, and H. hyalinus, Pfr., but differs in colour, the entire body being coal black with the exception of the tail, whose extremity is lemon-yellow. The jnw is arcuate, with central projection, smooth, ends rounded. The radula consists of 130 rows of 70-17-1-17-70 ; the rachidian is broadly reflected and overlaps the basal plate laterally for more than half its length, then is divided into a slender lanceolate median cusp exceeding in length the basal plate and two small accessory cusps with well developed cutting edges ; the laterals have the outer posterior margin of the basal plate very short and square, the main cusp is slightly larger than that of the rachidian and bears at its outer base a well developed accessory cusp, which increases as the teeth retreat ; the marginals possess slender inclined knife-like cusps which become bind as the border of the ribbon is approached. As regards the genitalia, the penis-sac is long and slender, twisted into a figure of eight, and terminating in a round knob, retractor muscle inserted on the distal curve of the 8 ; vas deferens con- torted on its departure from the prostate ; spermatheca large, slightly dilated, acuminate above, connected with the genital system by a short wide duct.

Cystopelta petterdi, Tate.

A figure and description of this mollusc will be found in the preceding volume of these Proceedings (PI. i., p. 44). I took the

BY C. HEDLEY. 25

opportunity of comparing Tasmanian specimens with those collected by Mr. Helms on Mt. Kosciusko, also with some taken by Mr. Musson at Eallarat, and I find no differences of specific importance between them. In Tasmania I gathered the species under the guidance of the gentleman whose name it bears, from the original locality, Cataract Hill, near Launceston. I also found it at Dennison Gorge and on Mr. Dyer's estate, Scottsdale. In the first locality the animals lived under logs, upon a dry, scantily-timbered hillside ; in the two latter places they inhabited damp fern-tree gullies. As the consequence, probably, of more favourable surroundings, those from the moist situations were larger in size and lighter in colour than the type variety. Mr. Petterd pointed out that its habits were gregarious. A dozen likely pieces of fallen timber might be searched without result, yet the next might conceal a score of these slugs. The larger form was pale greenish-yellow spotted with black ; the black spots on the shield are most irregular in size and distribution. The figure I published from a spirit specimen gives no idea of the animal in life, therefore I append a second sketch taken from a living individual on the spot.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate ii.

R., Rachidian tooth; o.t., ovotestis ; h.d., hermaphrodite duct; ov. oviduct; c.o., common orifice; sp., spermatheca ; p., penis-sac; r.m.p. retractor muscle of penis.

Fig. 1. Jaw of Bulimus dufresni. Magnified.

Fig. 2. Jaw of Bulimus tasma,7iicus. Magnified.

Fig. 3. Central portion of radula of ditto. Magnified.

Fig. 4. Genital system of ditto.

Fig. 5. Jaw of Anoglypia lauucestonensis. Magnified.

26 ON THE ANATOMY OF SOME TASMANIAN SNAILS

Plate ii. (continued).

Fig. 6. Central portion of radula of ditto. Magnified.

Fig. 7. Genital system of ditto.

Fig. 8. Radula of Rhytida lampra. Magnified.

Fig. 9. Genital system of ditto.

Fig. 10. Jaw of Helicarion verreauxi. Magnified.

Fig. 11. Central portion of radula of ditto. Magnified.

Fig. 12. Genital system of ditto.

Plate hi.

Fig. 1. Animal of B. dufresni.

Fig. 2. Animal of A. launcestonensis.

Fig. 3. Animal of It. lampra.

Fig. 4. Animal of H. verreauxi.

Fig. 5. Animal of G. petterdi.

27

STRAY NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

By A. Sidney Olliff, Government Entomologist, New South Wales.

No. 2.

A short time ago, Mr. Lionel de Niceville, the author of that admirable handbook " The Butterflies of India, Burmah, and Ceylon," in offering some friendly criticism of my small pamphlet on Australian Butterflies,* published by the Natural History Association (now the the Field Naturalists' Society) of New South Wales, and originally written for a weekly newspaper, suggested to me that the butterfly which, for many years past, has been known in our local collections as Libythea myrrha, Godart, was in reality quite distinct from that species. Mr. de Niceville, I believe, arrived at this conclusion from a comparison of the rough but characteristic figure of the Australian insect, contained in the pamphlet in question, with typical specimens of L. myrrha ; and I must confess that the suggestion did not cause me much surprise, as I had noticed some months previously, when examining a series of Libythecv from New Guinea, that certain specimens from Port Moresby, although agreeing in every particular with the Australian species, exhibited certain marked differences from the true L. myrrha. The genus Libythea appears to have been first recorded as belonging to the Australian fauna by Sir William Macleay, who called attention to the presence of a species of the genus (referring to the insect as Libythea myrrha) in a small collection of Cape York lepidoptera exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological Society of New South Wales in September,

* "Australian Butterflies : a Brief Account of the Native Families, &c." Sydney, 1889.

28 STRAY NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA,

1866.* Mr. G. Masters! included the species in his Catalogue of Butterflies, on the authority of specimens obtained at Somerset by- Mr. J. A. Thorpe, the taxidermist of the Australian Museum, during a collecting trip which he made to Cape York in the year 1867-68, and others subsequently collected in the same locality by Mr. Darnel. The remains of one of the former specimens is in my possession owing to the kindness of Mr. Masters, and I am in a position to definitely state that the insect which has passed for many years in Australia as Libythea myrrha is quite distinct from that species, and is identical with the insect here descril ed under the name Libythea Nicevillei.

It is hardly a matter of surprise that, once made, the mistake as to the identity of our butterfly should hitherto have escaped detection, as the species is apparently very rare, only one or two specimens existing in collections. As some doubts have been raised as to the claims of the genus Libythea to be regarded as indigenous in Australia, it may be well to state that there can be no question as to the authenticity of the specimens obtained by the collectors mentioned above.

LEMONIID^E.

LIBYTH.EIN.E.

Libythea Nicevillei, sp.n.

Head, palpi, antennae, and body dark brown. Wings above dull smoky-brown, darker outwardly. Forewing inclining to dull ochreous-yellow at base and on basal two-thirds of inner margin, with the following bluish-white markings : — an elongated spot near costa about two-thirds from the base, divided by a dark vein, an ovate spot at end of discoidal cell, an elongate spot between veins 4 and 6, divided by vein 5, and a much larger rounded spot between veins 2 and 4, beginning at a point just beyond the cell

*Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S. Wales, I. p. lxi. t " Catalogue of the described Diurnal Lepidoptera of Australia." Sydney, 1873.

BY A. SIDNEY OLLIFF. 29

and extending towards the hind margin ; the latter spot divided by vein 3 at about its anterior fourth. Hindwing inclining to dull ochreous-yellow at the base, hind margin darker, with a broad oblique ochreous-yellow discal band or fascia, which extends posteriorly from vein 7 ; this band is of uniform width through- out, clearly defined in front, and gradually effaced behind. Under- side : — Much paler in colour than above. Forewing beyond the anterior markings (which correspond with those of the upper side) and on the inner margin silvery-grey, the apical portion mottled with small irregular transverse brown lines ; the discoidal cell occupied by a rather bright ochreous-yellow patch, which is somewhat suffused on the costal margin. Hindwing silvery-grey, indistinctly irrorated with purplish, and closely striated with brown ; with indications of two indistinct lighter oblique bands extending from the costal and hind margins respectively to the inner margin near the base. Cilia ochreous-brown. Expanse 53-55 mm.

Somerset, Cape York, N. Australia ; and Port Moresby, British New Guinea.

As stated before, this species of Libythea has been confused with a species (L. myrrha, Godart), with which it has little in common, ever since the first specimens from Cape York were recorded; but it will be evident upon even the most cursory comparison of the Aus- tralian form and L. myrrha that the species are abundantly distinct. In the Australian insect the fore wings are comparatively broader, with the hind margins less distinctly angulated below the apex, and the disk ornamented with whitish markings. The charac- teristic transverse streak in the cell of the forewing of L. myrrha is replaced in our species by a single rounded spot, in which respect it resembles the Indian L. rohini, Marshall,* described from the Khasi Hills. The latter species, indeed, would appear to be its nearest ally, although sufficiently distinguished by having the markings on the hindwing white like those of the forewing, and by the presence of additional spots near the costa of the former.

* Journ. A. S. Bengal, xlix., p. 248 (1880), and de Niceville, "Butterflies of India, &c," II., p. 303, pi. 24, fig. 114, ? (1886 .

30 STRAY NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

HESPERIID^E. Euschemon RafflesijE, Macleay.

E. albo-omatuS) var.nov.

A striking modification of this remarkable Hesperid was obtained at Dunoon, Richmond River, during the month of April by Mr. R. Helms, in which the fore and hindwings are intense blue-black in colour, and the markings silvery-white instead of bright yellow as in the typical form. Except for the presence of a larger number of blue scales near the hind margin of the forewing (in the shape of a gradually narrowing band) and on the underside, the type and the modification here recorded agree marking for marking. An examination of some thirty specimens of Euschemon Rafflesice, from various localities, has revealed little or no tendency to vary in colour or marking, a fact which increases the interest attaching to the Dunoon specimen.

31

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL STONE WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS.

By R. Etheridge, Jun., &c.

(Paleontologist to the Australian Museum, and Geological Survey of New South Wales.)

(Plates iv. -viii.)

I am able to continue* investigations in this interesting subject through the kindness of several collectors, notably Sir W. Macleay, Dr. J. C. Cox, and Mr. C. W. de Vis, M.A., Curator of the Queens- land Museum. To the first I am indebted for the loan of nine stone weapons from " various parts of N. S. Wales," which were exhibited at this Society's Meeting on October 31st, 1883, by Mr. J. G. Griffin, C.E.f; to the second for a series of N. S. Wales tomahawks in different stages of preparation ; and to Mr. De Yis for a valuable selection of implements from the Queens- land Museum, Brisbane. There will also be found descriptions of the remainder of Mr. W. W. Froggatt's specimens from North- west Australia ; some from the Mining and Geological Museum, and a few others from different sources, which will be suitably acknowledged later on. I am indebted to my colleague Mr. T W. Edgeworth David for assistance in determining the minera- logical composition of the rocks used for the weapons, but as microscopic sections could not be made, the determinations are tentative only.

x. — Knives.

(PI. v, fig. 1 ; PI. vi, fig. 1 ; PI. vii, fig. 1.) Mr. De Vis has forwarded to me five knives, three of the general type of those I lately described as used in the Mika operation, J but differing in an important particular ; one of a

* Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1890, v. (2), Pt. 2, pp. 251, 289, and 367. i Ibid. 1884, viii, p. 442. X Loc. cit. 1890, pp. 251, 289.

32 AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL STONE WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS,

flesh-coloured quartzite resembling therein some spear-heads to be noticed later on ; and another made of glass (PI. VI., fig. 1). Four of the knives are mounted, and the fifth has been, as evinced by the still adherent gum at the butt. Two of the mounted, and the unmounted knife from " Northern Queensland," are flaked from an impure, streaky, flint-like quartz, but which does not produce so fine and cutting an edge as those formerly described. They are, with one exception, of a rather different type to the latter. It will be remembered that one of those in the Australian Museum was described as more scalpriform than the others, thicker along the back than at the cutting edge, the surface gradually sloping off from the former to the latter, without any angularity. The three knives in question are of this character, altogether stronger and thicker than the Mulligan River Alika-knife. Evans figures! such a knife in the Christy Collection from Queensland, with a " thick somewhat rounded back, not unlike that of an ordinary knife-blade, the butt being covered with fur and wound round with string."

The unmounted knife is four and a quarter inches long, and three-quarters of an inch broad at the back, and is the widest. The cutting edge, in two instances is sharp but uneven, in the third thicker, and blunter. Both lateral surfaces in one are smooth and unworked, but in the other two one face is facetted by chipping. As regards the hafting, the butts of the two mounted specimens have been surrounded with a fibre, the lower end covered with a piece of canvas, or worn blanket, and a handle so formed. Over the fore part of this, native string has been wound, and this coated with one of the black gum preparations so commonly used by the Aborigines. The string used on one of the knives is made of yellow fibre, but round the other a much finer string made of hair, perhaps human, has been wound alternately with the fibre-string. In this instance the gum coating has been continued up the broad back of the knife, nearly to its apex (PI. vii., fig. 1), and gives one the idea of a protection to a fore-finger,

T Ancient Stone Implements, &c, Gt. Brit., 1S72, p. 265, f. 198.

BY R. ETHER1DGE, JUN. 33

supposing the knife to be so held. The length of the knives, complete, is respectively eight inches, and seven and a half. The surface of the flints is smooth and shining. When describing the Mika-knives a short time ago, T surmised that they were also used for other purposes, and I have since been informed that such knives are employed in fighting, practically in a kind of duello.

The glass knife (PI. vi., fig. 1), also from "Northern Queensland," is exceedingly interesting, consisting of a small piece of bottle-glae-s chipped to an oval form, and mounted with black gum to a small wooden handle, which Mr. F. Turner, of the Department of Agri- culture, tells me is probably made of the Acacia sentis, a very porous wood. The latter is to some extent split, and conveys the idea that the glass is inserted between the halves, which are also partially wound round with fine string of native manufacture. The entire weapon is six inches in length, but the glass blade extends beyond the gum mounting for one inch only. Several similar knives are figured* by Mr. T. Wilson from Southern Utah and other localities, hafted with wood, the attachment being made with bitumen. One is flint, and the others are made of jasper. Another knife of obsidian has the base wrapped in otter skin. The general appearance of these knives closely resembles those now described, particularly the glass knife. f

The quartzite knife is granular and deep flesh-coloured (PI. v., fig. 1). It is very interesting as being intermediate in form and character between the Mika-knives, | formerly described by me, and a spear-head from Torres Straits, in the Australian Museum, to which my attention was called by my colleague Mr. Brazier. That it is a knife, however, appears tolerably certain from the form of the

* A Study of Prehistoric Anthropology. — Handbook for Beginners. U.S. Nat. Mm. Report, 1887-88, p. 639, f. 14, p. 641, f. 75-78.

f Glass has probably been used by the Aborigines for a long time. The York's Peninsula Tribe made their knives of shells and afterward of glass, "for they related that they used occasionally to find bottles on the beach many years before the whites came to reside in South Australia." Curr's Australian Race, 1886, n., p. 143.

X Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1890, v. (2), Pt. 2, PI. 9 and PI. II, figs. 8 and 9.

3

34 AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL STONE WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS,

gum handle, which resembles that of the Mulligan River knife* ; whilst the blade is more akin to one of those from " Northern Queensland," in the Australian Museum, f angular in the middle line of one face, flat on the other. The specimen is five and a half inches long, but the apex is a little broken. The cutting edges, although sharp, have not that degree of fineness visible in the Mulligan River knife, which may be described as razor-edged. The edges in the present case are uneven and a little notched, and would inflict a jagged and awkward wound. It is generally comparable to the knife figured by Smyth, used by the natives of Booloo and Cooper's Creek, { except that ours does not possess a handle. It is from the Gregory River.

xi. — Spear-heads from Kimberley. (PL v., fig. 2 ; PI. vi., fig. 2 • PI. vii., figs. 2 and 3 ; PI. viii., figs. 1-3.) Mr. W. W. Froggatt has lent me twelve spear-heads, brought by himself from the Lennard River. They are similar to those lately described by me from the Ord River, || now in the Mining and Geological Museum. One is of bottle glass, one of a chocolate- brown, close-grained, ferruginous clay shale, another of an olive- green banded quartzite, two of opaque white chalcedonic quartz, similar to those before described, two of clear rock crystal, and five of opaque milky- white quartz. As regards shape there are two forms, the elongately lanceolate, and the more or less foliolate, corresponding to those already received from the same district. Examined more in detail there are four types, thus : —

a. Elongately lanceolate, slightly angular on both faces.

b. Ditto, angular on one face.

c. Ditto, flat on both faces.

d. Foliolate, slightly angular on one face, and thicker than a-c. The bottle glass spear-head, the green quartzite, and three of

the milky quartz heads are chipped to an exceedingly fine apex, especially the second one mentioned. The head formed of

* Loc. cit. pi. 9.

f Ibid. pi. 11, figs. 8 and 9.

X Aborigines of Victoria, 1878, I., p. 380, f. 200.

|| Records Geol. Survey N. S. Wales, 1890, II., Pt. 2, p. 61, pi. 6.

BY R. ETHERIDGE, JUN.

35

chocolate-brown clay shale, the green quartzite, those of opaque white jasperoid quartz, and the rock crystal heads are plain edged and without serrations, and so also are three of the milky quartz, but two of the latter and (hat formed of bottle glass are beauti- fully and finely serrated. The whole of the faces are facetted by percussion, even in the milky quartz and rock crystal spear-heads, although the facets on the former of these are less apparent than on the others. When we take into consideration the refractory conchoidal fracture of quartz and glass, the chipping of these spear-heads is a remarkable feat, more especially that of the milky quartz heads with their serrations. This teething is not pointed, or " dog-toothed," but each serration is in most instances square, or at right angles, and corresponds exactly to the figure given by Rear- Admiral King, and referred to in my previous account.

The following table gives the measurements of the eleven spear- heads obtained by Mr. JFroggatt, with their forms and mineralcgical composition.

No.	Form.	Length.	Breadth.	Thickness.	Rock, etc.
1.	EloDgately lanceolate, angled on one face.	3|in.	lfin.	£in.	Bottle glass ; edges serrated.
2.	Ditto.	3g	H	f	White opaque milky quartz ; edges serrated.
3.	Ditto.	H	x4	i	White opaque milky quartz.
4.	Elongately lanceolate, angled on both faces.	3|		i	Ditto; edges serrated.
5.	Ditto.	2£	1 1 *8	1	White opaque milky quartz.
6.	Foliolate.	n		§	Smoky quartz.
7.	Ditto.	h	I	1	Ditto ; apex broken.
8.	Elongately lanceolate, flat on both faces.	2§	n	i 4	Dirty olive-green banded quartzite ; apex very sharp.
9.	Ditto.	3|	1 1 A4	1	Brown-red (ferruginous) clay shale.
10.		H		1	White chalcedonic quartz.
11.		n	1|	1	Ditto ; poor specimen.

.''(') AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL BTQNE WBAPONS and IMPLEMENTS,

Thene figures show bow very uniform in general the size of the spi'.u- heads is ; or, when there is a gradation, it is regular and

gradual. 'Tin' eleventh specimen is rough and unfinished, and the

twelfth is hardly worth recording in detail.

Somewhat similar spearheads are figured from the United States l.y Mr. T. Wilson, especially one with square jagged edge*

and marginal facets.*

Mr. Froggatt informs me that the Leonard River Blacks use

these sjHMi- heads almost wholly in personal attaek and oneounters, seldom in sporting, and that these extremely tine heads are carried about unmounted, and placed in position on the spears as required. They are carried in a chignon, made of emu feathers matted together, and attached to the hack hair. The hair is worn long, similar to that of the Cooper's Creek natives, who do it up in a head net.t Inside this chignon the spear heads are wrapped in paper-bark. Thanks to Mr. Froggatt 1 have much pleasure in exhibiting one of these ingenious contrivances.

The Lennard River Aborigines, like those of the Victoria River described by Mr. T. B tines, and referred to in my former paper

On similar spearheads, place themselves in a squatting position when preparing these weapons, and use the ball of one of their great toes as a cushion, against which the stone to be chipped is placed and then struck.

In addition to the foregoing, Mr. r-Yoggatt has also brought a curious stone weapon which appears to be a partially prepared spear head of a rather different type (PI. IV., tig. 1). A small transversely elongated and roughly rounded piece of black lami- nated jasperoid clay stone, arched on one side, and flat, or a little concave on the other, has been roughly chipped along the arched sides producing irregular eonchoidal facets. The weapon is three and a half inches long, and one inch wide at the base. The flattened under surface has not been worked at all, but presents the naturally worn surface of the stone. The central line of the

* A study of Pr«Ma&orio Anthropology. — Bandbook for Beginners. ^'.^ yat. Mat. Report, 1887 88, p. 688, f. 1% + A. W, Howitt in Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, 1S7S. ii., p. 801.

BY H. ETHERIDCE, JUN. 37

arched side bears traced of longitudinal facets. The apex is obtuse and chipped, and the section irregularly triangular.

If a spear-head, and I do not see any other possible interpreta- tion, it is certainly different to any others I have seen from Northern Australia, and will probably form a separate group, following Nos. 1 and 2 in the classification given by me in the first account of the Kimberley spear-heads.* At the same time there is a certain resemblance between it and the fine long axe- head of flesh-coloured quartzitei lately figured. f

xii. — Spear-heads from Settlement Creek and Nicholson River. (PI. iv., figs. 2 and 3.)

Tiie three spear-heads now to be noticed are a part of the Queensland Museum Collection forwarded to me by Mr. De Vis. Two are made of a semi-granular flesh-coloured quartzite,| similar to but coarser than the knife first described from the Gregory River, and perhaps more akin to the stone of the axes from "North Queensland," in the Australian Museum. Both these spear-heads have still adhering to their bases portions of the gum used in mounting. One of them is six and three-quarter inches long, by one and a quarter wide ; the other is shorter, six and a quarter long, and broader, being one and five-eighths wide. The section is triangular, flat, or partially concave on one facp, acutely angular and sharp in the middle line on the other, tapering to a moderately acute apex.

The third spear-head is composed of a dark chocolate felsite with flesh-coloured orthoclase, and is slightly enlarged at the base

* Records Geol. Survey N. S. Wales, 1890, n., Pt. 2, p. 65. + Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1890, v. (2;, Pt. 3, PI. 12, f. 14. % The blacks near the Daly River, Arnheim's Land, are said by A. C. Gregory to possess spears formed of reeds with "large heads of white Bands tone" (Journal* of Australian Exploration, by A. C. and F. T Gregory, 1884, p. 158, 8vo, Brisbane). It is possible that this rock may be similar to the quartzite deseribed above. The use of the white man's materials for aboriginal weapons is again illustrated in the case of spear- heads. In the Queensland Court of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition of 1880 were righting spears from the Ktheridge River, pointed and barbed with pieces of telegraph wire, exhibited by Mr. W. Samwell, the Warden at Georgetown.

38 AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL STONE WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS,

to afford a good grip to the cementing medium, portions of which still remain. It is six and three-eighths inches long, by one and two-eighths wide, with an acute apex. The median angular line is very acute, but at the base a large chip has been taken out of it (PI. vi., fig. 3). One of the flesh-coloured heads, the shorter and broader, has a similar piece flaked off, but the longer of the two bears a narrow longitudinal facet, extending almost the whole length of the weapon, whilst at the apex there is a small supple- mentary triangular facet, and a larger one at the base. The cutting edges of all are sharp, but those of the felsite spear-head are naturally sharper ; they are not strictly parallel edged in either, but there is a slightly flexuous or curved outline, which throws the apex more or less to one side, and renders it excentric to some extent. This curved appearance is well illustrated by Smyth in the case of a " knife" from the Paroo River,* the base of which is wrapt in 'possum fur, but otherwise the resemblance to our spear-heads is very strong.

A glance will at once show how different these are to the Kimberley spear-heads of glass and varieties of quartz, but of the general type of the small head of black jasperoid claystone obtained by Mr. Froggatt. In fact, the latter and the three spear- heads now under discussion will probably form a separate section in the classification of Australian stone spear-heads lately proposed by me,f between Nos. 2 and 3, and may be defined thus : —

No. 2a. Double-edged, three-faced, elongately-lanceolate, slightly curved heads, with a more or less entire margin. Nicholson River and Settlement Creek, North-west Carpentaria

At the same time their resemblance to the flesh-coloured axe- heads from "North Queensland"! must not be forgotten any more than in the case of the small Kimberley spear-head of jasperoid claystone. A comparison with these renders it clear that these spear-heads are rather longer weapons, more slender for their size, and with the somewhat curved lateral margins, which do not exist in the axe-heads.

* Aborigines of Victoria, 1878, i., p. 380, f. 201.

+ Records Geol. Survey N. S. Wales, 1890, n., Pt. 2, p. 65.

t Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 1890, v., Pt. 2, p. 368, pi. 12, f. 14.

BY R. ETHERIDGE, JUN. 39

xiii. — Talismanic Stones, or Teyl. (PI. via., figs. 4-6.)

The Teyl from Cooktown,* in the cabinet of Mr. G. Sweet of Brunswick, Melbourne, consisted of a mass of quartz crystals in one piece, and free of gum mounting. The present fine example (PI. VIII., fig. 4) is again from Northern Queensland, and from the Queensland Museum Collection, and consists of two prismatic crystals of clear quartz united at the base by gum, and set along- side of one another. The cementing medium is rendered more coherent by being mixed with hair, which seems to be human. It would be exceedingly interesting to ascertain from what portion of the pilous system this hair is derived. According to Police- Trooper Gason the Dieyerie Tribe of South Australia use a belt of human hair called Yinka,j "ordinarily three hundred yards in length, and wound round the waist." It is said to be greatly prized owing to the difficulty of procuring the necessary material. Mr. Howitt also mentions that the Cooper's Creek natives wear a " very long cord wound round and round the waist like a belt,"J and I am informed by my colleague Mr. J. E. Carne, who has travelled extensively throughout that region, that the hair so used is pubic, obtained from the women, and only worn by the old men of the tribe. I quote these facts with the view of suggesting that the hair used in this tael may be similarly derived.

Mr. E. C. Blomfield, of Boorolong, has very kindly forwarded to my colleague Mr. W. Anderson, of the Geological Survey, three other Taels. The first of these consists of a small six-sided prism of slightly smoky quartz, with a fairly perfect termination. The crystal is one and a quarter inches long. The second stone is an irregularly shaped piece of clear white rock crystal (PI. vin., fig. 5) excentrically fractured, about half the size of a walnut. The third and fourth charms consist of opaque coffee-coloured quartz, one in the form of an irregular rhomb (PI. VIII., fig. 6), the other

* Ibid. p. 370 + The Native Tribes of S. Australia, edited by J. D. Woods, 1879, p. 289 • and Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, 1878, I., p. 281.

% Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, 1878, n., p. 302.

40 AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL STONE WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS,

a transversely elongated pebble, two and a half inches long.* The angles of these stones are all well rounded, and they had evidently undergone considerable attrition before selection for their abori- ginal use. The longest diameter of the largest is two and a half inches. Touching these stones, Mr. Blomfield makes the following remarks in his letter accompanying them : — "The specimens were obtained by my brother from an old blackfellow at Mount Mitchell, Eastern New England, who told him that they had belonged to the last ' medicine man ' of the tribe, and as he was the last represen- tative, and not a ' doctor,' he had no use for them, and seemed rather glad at being relieved of their charge. He told my brother on no account to let any blackfellow know that he had given them to him. I know that the ' medicine men ' in all the tribes carry these stones and attach great importance to them, never showing them to a white man. I have been told by the blacks that if a gin dared to look at them, she would be instantly killed. They pretend to work all sorts of cures with these stones, and I believe they are never shown except at their Bora meetings. These are the only ones I ever saw, except once, when an old 'medicine man' was doctoring one of my black boys, and pretended to suck one out of his head. I believe they descend from father to son, and those I send you have most likely been in use for generations. The blacks always carry them in a small dilly-bag under the arm, together with the bones of dead relatives."

xiv. — Gouge. (PI. v., fig. 6.) Gouges, such as the specimen exhibited, and sometimes called chisels, seem now to be very rare, and little has been written on them. The present specimen, from " Northern Queensland," was forwarded by Mr. De Vis, and also forms a portion of the Queens- land Museum Collection. It appears to me that the term gouge is preferable to that of chisel, and such will be here adopted. The late R. Brough Smyth saysf that this implement is " formed of a

* According to Smyth, some of the white toe£-stones carried by the Victorian "Doctors" are called Warra-goop. {Aborigines of Victoria, 1878, i., p. 464.)

t Aborigines of Victoria, 1878, I., p. 379, f. 199.

BY R. ETHERIDGE, JUN. 41

fragment of quartzite, firmly set into the end of a rough handle of wood, and secured in its place by gum." His example was seventeen inches in length. In the tool from the Queensland Museum more of the quartzite head is exposed than in Smyth's figure, and the handle, thirteen inches in length, is proportionately more slender and better finished, producing altogether a handier though slighter instrument. The handle is gently curved in the plane of the breadth of the chisel, so that the leverage of the operator's hand is much more increased than if the stick were straight. It is thickest in the middle, tapering off at both ends, and is composed, Mr. F. Turner tells me, probably of a species of Myoporum, one of the sandal-woods of the interior.

The small stone-head was produced by chipping, the lower side convex, the upper more or less flattened, and the cutting edge gently curved. The gum securing the head to the handle is curiously put on. On the convex face, or that side answering to the convexity of the handle, the largest amount of surface is left exposed, the edge of the gum curving from the cutting edge in a concave sweep. On the other side, or that answering to the concavity of the handle, the edge of the gum in the centre is horizontal, with a little lappet on each side projecting forwards.

According to Smyth* this implement is " commonly used by the natives inhabiting the country north-east of the Grey Ranges."

It is also met with in West Australia, for this author figures a larger instrument of a similar nature, but differing in detail. He remarks on thisf : — " Below the lump of gum in which the stone is fixed, the implement for the length of an inch and a half is smooth ; then there is a hollow, and below that the round stick is grooved longitudinally, so as to enable the mechanic to obtain a firm hold of it. The wood is not heavy "but very hard, and of a dark reddish-brown colour. It is used for cutting and shaping- boomerangs, shields, clubs, &c, and is employed also in war and hunting. It is thrown in such a manner as to turn over in its flight, and if it strikes a man or a kangaroo death is certain." Smyth adds that the gouge resembles the implement used by the Grey

* Aborigines of Victoria, 1878, I., p. 379. t Ibid. p. 340, f. 150.

42 AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL STONE WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS,

Ranges natives, but is a more finished tool. Herein it resembles the specimen from the Queensland Museum, but it stands to reason that so much slighter an instrument as the latter could not produce the effects ascribed to the heavier weapon from West Australia. Iu the last-named province it is called Dow-ak or Dhabba.*

Tn his account of the Aborigines of Cooper's Creek,f Mr. A. W. Hovvitt refers to these gouges, and says that they are used " by the workman sitting down upon the ground, holding the piece of wood between his feet, and then adzing it, with the tool held

towards him."

xv. — Spike or awl.

(PI. vi, fig. 3.)

Although not a " stone" implement, this very interesting object, from amongst Mr. Froggatt's Kimberley gatherings, is worthy of notice. It appears to be of the nature of a spike or awl, and is formed of an old-fashioned cast-iron four-sided nail sharpened at one end and inserted in the proximal half of a human left radius, and the point of insertion coated in the usual manner with gum. I am ignorant whether human bones were much employed by our Aborigines in their manufactures, but I believe not, although bones of marsupials are to some extent, especially for some of their smaller implements.

Mr. Froggatt is unable to explain explicitly to what use this implement was put, but it may have been used as a carver in the ornamentation of wooden implements, or simply as an instrument for piercing or boring.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV. -VIII. Plate iv.

Fig. 1. — Spear-head, partially prepared, of black laminated jasperoid clay- stone ; Kimberley. Coll. Froggatt.

Fig. 2. — Spear-head, granular flesh-coloured quartzite ; Settlement Creek. Coll. Queensland Museum.

Fig. 3. — Spear-head, dark chocolate felsite, with flesh-coloured orthoclase ; Nicholson River. Coll. Queensland Museum.

* Curr figures a very different form of chisel, consisting of a facetted stone mounted on a rough wooden handle by the aid of wax and string. [Australian Race, 1886, i., 11th plate.)

t " Notes on the Aborigines of Cooper's Creek." Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, 1878, n., p. 300.

BY R. ETHERIDGE, JUN. 43

EXPLANATION OF PLATES (continued). Plate v.

Fig. 1. — Knife, granular flesh-coloured quartzite ; North Queensland. Coll.

Queensland Museum. Fig. 2. — Spear-head, elongately lanceolate, with serrated edges, of white

opaque milky quartz ; Kimberley. Coll. Froggatt. Fig. 3. — Gouge; Northern Queensland. Coll. Queensland Museum.

Plate vi.

Fig. 1. — Knife, bottle-glass mounted on wooden handle (Acacia sentisj

with black gum ; Northern Queensland. Coll. Queensland

Museum. Fig. 2. — Spear-head, elongately lanceolate ; of bottle-glass serrated on

edges ; Kimberley. Coll. Froggatt. Fig. 3. — Awl (?) formed of a cast-iron four-sided nail inserted in the

proximal half of a human left radius ; Kimberley. Coll.

Froggatt.

Plate vii.

Fig. 1. — Knife, of streaky flint-like quartz, broad along the back, mounted in old canvas and twine, and secured with black gum composi- tion, which extends along the back ; Northern Queensland. Coll. Queensland Museum.

Fig. 2. — Spear-head, elongately lanceolate, of white opaque milky quartz ; edges unserrated ; Kimberley. Coll. Froggatt.

Fig. 3. — Spear-head, elongately lanceolate, and with a very sharp apex ; Kimberley. Coll. Froggatt.

Plate viii.

Fig. 1.— Spear-head, white opaque milky quartz, and edges serrated; Kim- berley. Coll. Froggatt.

Fig. 2. — Spear-head, white chalcedonic quartz; Kimberley. Coll. Froggatt.

Fig. 3.— Spear-head, foliolate, of smoky quartz ; Kimberley. Coll. Froggatt.

Fig. 4. — Teyl, of two prismatic crystals of clear quartz, held together by gum cement mixed with hair ; North Queensland. Coll. Queensland Museum.

Fig. 5. — Teyl, irregular shaped clear rock crystal ; New England. Coll. Mining and Geological Museum.

Fig. 6. — Teyl, rhomb of opaque coffee-coloured quartz ; New England. Coll. Mining and Geological Museum.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. Etheridge showed a fine collejtion of aboriginal stone knives and implements in illustration of his paper.

Mr. Olliff exhibited specimens of the butterfly described in his paper

44 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. Musson showed a named collection of about sixty species of New Zealand mosses.

Mr. Hedley showed a colony of the nests of a trap-door spider, together with specimens of the animal, from Rose Bay. These spiders are abundant round Sydney, occurring even in the public parks of the city. A favourite spot for them is a patch of mossy earth in the crevice of a sandstone rock. The species exhibited forms a wafer-like lid, not as in some species a thick door like a gun-wad. The presence of several egg-bags in the larger burrows would indicate that the present month (February), is the breeding season.

Mr. Fletcher exhibited two specimens of a land planarian {Bipalium keivense, Moseley), collected by Mr. J. J. Lister at Upolu, Samoa, under stones in the bush ; and a specimen of the same species from Eltham, Victoria, collected by Mr. W. W. Smith ; seeing that this planarian has now undoubtedly been introduced into many widely separated localities, and that the species of the genus whose habitats are certainly known belong to the Palsearctic and Oriental regions, there seems little ground for supposing it to be indigenous in Samoa.

Also two instances of floral prolification in the "Flannel-flower" ( Actinotus helianthi), in which from the ordinary umbels spring, in one case about seven, in the other eleven small secondary umbels, each with its involucre of woolly bracts ; the specimens were gathered at Oatley a few days ago.

Also living specimens of three species of frogs (Hyla ccerulea, H. peronii, and Limnodynastes sahninii, Stdr.), brought from Goangra on the Namoi, near Walgett, by Mi-. A. Carson ; these specimens offer fresh evidence of the very wide distribution of these three species in the interior of the colony ; in the specimens of L. salminii the dorsal stripes, which in spirit specimens are pink or rose-reel, are of quite a different tint, being a bright ochreons- yellow. Specimens of an interesting frog (Hyla gracilenta) from the Richmond River (collected by Mr. R. Helms) were also exhibited ; the species has not previously been recorded from N.S.W.

45

WEDNESDAY, 15th MARCH, 1891.

The President, Professor Haswell, M.A., D.Sc., in the Chair.

?vlr. Oswald B. Lower, Adelaide, was elected a member of the Society.

DONATIONS.

11 Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin — Verhandlungen." Bd. xvii., Nos. 8-10 ; " Zeitschrift." Bd. xxv., Heft 5 (1890). From the Society.

"The Australasian Journal of Pharmacy." Vol. VI., No. 62 (Feb., 1891). From the Editor.

" Report of the Board of Governors of the Public Library, &c, of South Australia, 1889-90." From the Board.

" Zoologischer Anzeiger." xiv. Jahrg., Nos. 354 (Jan. 9, 1891), and 355 (Feb. 2, 1891). From the Editor.

" Comptes Rendus de Seances de l'Academie de Paris." T. cxi., Nos. 24-26, T. cxii., Nos. 1 and 2 (1891). "Tables des C. R." T. ex. (1890). From the Academy.

" Perak Government Gazette." Vol. IV., Nos. 1-3 (Jan., 1891). From the Government Secretary.

"Zoological Society of London. — Abstracts." Jan. 6, 1891, Jan. 20, 1891, and Feb. 3, 1891. From the Society.

" Reports and Statistics of the Mining Department, Victoria, for Quarter ended Dec. 31st, 1890." From the Secretary for Mines,

46 DONATIONS.

" List of Canadian Hepaticse " By W. H. Pearson. From the Author.

Asiatic Society of Bengal. — "Journal." Vol. lviii. (1889), Part i., No. 3 ; Part ii.5 No. 5 ; Vol. lix. (1890), Part ii., Nos. 2 and 3.—" Proceedings, 1890." Nos. 4-10 (April- December). From the Society.

" Memoires de la Societe des Naturalistes de la Nouvelle Russie, Odessa." Tome XV., No. 2 (1890). From the Society.

" Reichenbachia. — Orchids illustrated and described." By F. Sander. Second Series, Vol. I., Part 3. From the Hon. Sir William Macleay, M.L.C., F.L.S.

" Entomologisk Tidskiift." Arg. x., Haft 5 (1889) ; Arg. xi., Haft 1-4 (1890). From the Entomological Society of Stockholm.

" Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique." T. XVI., 2e Livr ; T. XVII., 4e Livr. From the Society.

" Proceedings of the Royal Society of London." Vol. XXXIII., Nos. 218 and 219 ; XXXIV, No. 220. From the Society.

"Proceedings of the United States National Museum." Vol. XII. (1889). From the Museum.

" Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New York." Vol. iii. (1890), No. 1, and pp. 113-128. From the Museum.

" Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Peters- bourg." viime- Serie, T. xxxvii., Nos. 8-10. From the Academy.

" Verhandlungen der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien." XL. Bd., Parts 1 and 2 (1890). From the Society.

" The Pharmaceutical Journal of N.S.W." New Series, Vol. iii., Part 14 (Feb., 1891). From the Publishers.

" Proceedings of the Second Congress of the Agricultural Bureau of South Australia." From the Secretary.

DONATIONS. 47

"Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova." Serie 2% Vols. VII.-IX. (1889-90). From the Museum.

" Memoires de la Societe Zoologique cle France pour l'Annee 1890." T. iii., Part 4 ; "Bulletin." T. xv, No. 10. From the

Society.

" Report of the Auckland Institute and Museum for 1890-91." From the Secretary.

" Notes on a new Tasmanian Plant of the N.O. Burmamiiacece." By Baron von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (Advance copy). From the Royal Society of Tasmania.

"Victorian Naturalist." Vol. vii., Nos. 11 and 12 (in one, March and April, 1891). From the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria.

"Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Archives." Vol. XIL, No. 1 (Jan., 1891). From the Editor.

" American Naturalist." Vol. XXIV., No. 288 (Dec, 1890). From the Editors.

" Bulletin of the American Geographical Society." Vol. xxii., No. 4 (Dec, 1890). From the Society.

" Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College." Vol. XX., Nos. 5-7. From the Curator.

Pamphlet (4to) entitled " Sculptured Anthropoid Ape Heads, &c." By James Terry. From the Author.

"Journal of Morphology." Vol. IV, No. 2 (Oct., 1890). Pamphlet entitled "Ueber Temnocephala, Blanchard." Von Max Weber. From Professor Haswell, M.A., D.Sc.

" New Zealand Journal of Science." Vol. I., n.s., No. 2 (March, 1890). From the Publishers.

"Insect Life." Vol. V., No. 3 (Jan., 1891). From the Secre- tary, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

48 DONATIONS.

" Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London." Vol. XLVIL, Part 1 (1891). From the Society.

" Annales de la Societe Beige de Microscopie," T. XIV. (1890); "Bulletin." T. XIV.-XVI. (1889-90). From the Society.

" Report of the Second Meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Melbourne, 1890." From the Association.

49

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS.

By W. Woolls, Ph.D., F.L.S.

No genus, whether in reference to the identification of species, or the arranging of them in groups, has given more trouble to botanists than that of Eucalyptus. In the early days of the colony, when only a few species were known, it was considered that they might be divided into sections according to the shape of the operculum or lid of the flower-buds, and hence Willdenow in his Species Plantarum (1799) arranges all the species then known, amounting only to 12 in number, under the two divisions (1) operculo conico, and (2) operculo heniisphserico.

With the exception of E. obliqua, L'Heritier (which, according to Baron F. von Mueller, was the first of all the species rendered known in Europe, having been collected in Tasmania shortly before the foundation of the colony of N. S. Wales), the species recorded by Willdenow were found in the primeval forests around Port Jackson, probably on the spot where Sydney now stands. His list is as follows : —

(1) Operculo conico.

E. robusta, Sm. E. resinifera, Sm.

E. pilularis, Sm. E. capitellata, Sm.

E. tereticomis, Sm. E. saligna, Sm.

(2) Operculo hemisphserico.

E. botryoides, Sm. E. obliqua, L'Her.

E. hcemastoma, Sm. E. corymbosa, Sm.

E. piperita, Sm. E. paniculate/,, Sm.

(1) As far as can be ascertained from the short descriptions of these species, E. robusta is known by the popular name of "Swamp

50 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS,

Mahogany f E. pilularis, " Blackbutt "; E. tereticornis, " Grey Gum "j E. resinifera, first of all " Red Ironbark," but according to the Flora Australiensis "Red Mahogany"; E. capiteUata, the coast form of " Stringy-bark ;" and E. saligna, " Blue or Flooded Gum." The specific name is not appropriate, as the leaves are only exceptionally narrow and willow-like, being generally of the size and form represented in Baron Mueller's Eucalyptograplma (Vol. I., Dec. 2).

(2) E. botryoides is known as "Bastard Mahogany"; E. hcemas- toma, "White Gum"; E. piperita, "Peppermint"; F. obli qua, the form of "Stringy-bark" common to Tasmania, Victoria, and the southern part of N. S. Wales ; E. corymbosa, " Blood-wood "; and E. paniculata, " White Ironbark."

The plan of arranging the species according to the shape of the operculum was followed by D'Candolle with certain modifications ; and George Don, F.L.S., in enumerating the species in 1832, gives descriptions of them in a similar manner. He remarks, on the authority of R. Brown, that there were in New Holland (as Australia was then called) about 100 species, but "hardly half of tint number were rightly known." His list is as follows : — ■

I. Alternifoli^e. * Operculum conical, longer than the calycine cupula.

1 . E. comuta, Labill. 3. E. resinifera, Sm.

2. E. tereticornis, Sm. 4. E. longifolia, Link

** Operculum conical, equal in length to the cupula.

5. E%robusta, Sm. 11. E. virgata, Sieb.

G. E. marginata, Sm. 12. E. micrantha, DC.

7. E. inerassata, Labill. 13. E. stellulata, Sieb.

8. E. persicifolia, Lodd. 14. E. oblonga, DC.

9. E, punctata, DC. 15. E. vbninalis, Labill. 10. E. acervula, Sieb. 16. E. capiteUata, Sm.

17. E. saligna, Sm.

BY THE REV. W. WOOLLS. 51

** * Operculum nearly conical or hemispherical, shorter than the

cupula.

18. E. ovata, Labill. 27. E. Lindleyana, DC.

19. E. scabra, Dum. Cours. 28. E. botryoides, Sm.

20. E. pilularis, Sm. 29. E. piperita, Sm.

21. JE. radiata, Sieb. 30. E. pallens, DC.

22. E. stricta, Sieb. 31. E. obliqua, L'Her.

23. E. hcemastoma, Sm. 32. E. corymbosa, Sm.

24. E. ligustrina, DC. 33. E. paniculata, Sm.

25. E. amygdalina, Labill, 34. E. gneorifolia, DC.

26. E. ambigua, DC. 35. E. obtusifolia, DC.

**#* Operculum hemispherical, much broader than the cupula. 36. E. gomphocephala, DC.

***** Mature operculum depressed in the centre, where it is

umbonate, shorter than the cupula.

37. E. globtdus, Labill.

II. Oppositifoli^e.

38. E. diver sifolia, Bon pi. 40= E. cor data, Labill.

39. E. pidvigeva, Cunn. 41. E. pidveridenta, Sims

Doubtful Sjiecies.

* Leaves opposite.

42. E. glauca, DC. 45. E. Cunninghami, Don

43. E. piurpurascens, Link 46. E. rigida, Hoff.

44. E. tuberculata, Parm. 47. E. Iiy per id folia, Dum. Cours.

** Leaves alternate.

48. E. microphylla, Willd. 51. E. elongata, Link

49. E. stenophylla, Link 52. E. media, Link

50. E. myrti folia, Link 53. E. reticulata, Link

54. E. umbellata, Dum. Cours.

52 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS,

No change was proposed for the classification of the Eucalypts until 1858, when Baron Mueller, in a paper read before the Linnean Society, suggested what may be termed the " cortical system," or a mode of arranging the species according to the structure of the bark, whilst at the same time he directed atten- tion to the valves of the fruit as affording an additional character for the identification of species. The Baron's monograph refers especially to the Eucalypts of tropical or sub-tropi<al Australia, but the suggestions contained in it may be applied to the whole genus, and they have certainly proved exceedingly useful in determining species previously doubtful, and of showing that the comparative length of the operculum is not always a safe guide.

The Baron, in offering the cortical system as a contribution towards the better arrangement of the Eucalypts, speaks of it as one accommodated to the use of the colonists, regarding it evidently as a popular way of grouping the species according to their appearance in a living state, and of ascertaining whether it might not ultimately afford a means of placing them in appropriate sections. He proposed, therefore, to divide the genus into six sections : —

(1) Leiophloice, or smooth-barked trees, such, for instance, as the

" White," " Blue," and " Red Gums."

(2) He?niphloicB, or half-barked trees, as " Box" and " Blackbutt."

(3) Bhytiphloice, or trees with wrinkled persistent bark, as

" Bloodwood," and " Peppermint."

(4) Pachyphloice, or trees with persistent fibrous bark, as "Stringy-

bark " and the " Mahoganies."

(5) Schizophloicr, or trees with persistent deeply furrowed bark,

as the " Ironbarks."

(6) Lejridoiohloice, or trees with the bark persistent on the trunk

only, and forming separate pieces, as the " Moreton Bay Ash."

The 38 species enumerated by the Baron are arranged in the following manner : —

BY THE REV. W. WOOLLS.

53

1. E. tereticornis, Sm.

2. E. rostrata, Schlecht

3. E. signata

4. E. variegata

5. E. citriodora, Hook.

6. E. brevi folia

II.

13. E. tessalar

16. E. poly car fa

17. E. terminalis

18. E. tectifica

19. E. leptophleba

20. E, microtheca

26. E. fibrosa

27. E. exserta

30. E. crebra

32. E. aurantiaca

I. Leiophloi^e.

7. E. dichromophloia

8. /?. hemilampra

9. i?. bigalerita

10. i£. latifolia

11. E. platyphylla

12. ^. aspera

HEMIPHLOIiE.

14. ^. semicorticata 15. i?. confertiflora

III. Rhytiphloi^e.

2\. E. patellar™

22. ^. trachyphloia

23. ^. fo'co/or A.C.

24. i?. populnea

25. ^ ferruginea

IV. Pachyphloi^:.

28. i7. ptychocarpa

29. #. tetrodonta

V. Schizophloi^].

31. i?. melanophloia VI. Lepidophloi^e.

33. ^. phcenicea 34. i£. melissodora.

Sectio dubia.

35. 2?. brachyandra 37. i?. odontocarpa

36. i£. clavigera, A.C. 38. ^. i~>achyphylla

As a further assistance in describing species of Eucalyptus, the Baron next suggested that attention should be paid to the shape and opening of the anthers ; and in his Fragmenta Phytographiaz Auntralice, Vol. n. (1861), in which he devoted 38 pages to the consideration of the genus, he notes particularly the form and colour of the anthers. I am not aware that any previous botanist

54 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS,

had noticed with a view to classification that the variations in the stamens afforded a means whereby species might be grouped together; but Mr. Bentham, in arranging the species of Eucalyptus in the Flora Australiensis, not only described with accuracy the form of the anthers in each species, but made the variations a basis for the elaboration of his anthereal system. In the Flora, Vol. in. (1866), that eminent botanist tells us of the difficulties he had experienced in grouping the species. The comparative length of the operculum, the shape and position of the leaves, the character of the inflorescence and fruit, and the nature of the bark (of which in dried specimens he was totally unable to judge), had all failed to give him a satisfactory mode of classification. He says : — " I have thus been compelled to establish groups upon such characters as appeared to me the most constant among those which are supplied by the specimens : in the first place upon the form of the anthers, and secondly upon that of the fruit, and in some cases on the inflorescence or the calyx." It is evident that Mr. Bentham regarded his arrangement as simply provisional, for he expresses a hope that Baron Mueller, " from his knowledge of the gum-trees in a living state, might be able to devise a truly natural arrange- ment founded upon the proposed cortical system, or any other system which experience may induce him to adopt."

So far as the stamens are concerned, Mr. Bentham grouped the species in the following manner : — Series I. — Renantherce, or such as have the anthers reniform or

broad and flat. Series II. — Heterostemones, or those which have the outer stamens

anantherous. Series III. — Porantherw, or those that have small and globular

anthers. Series IV. — Micrantherce, or those having small globular anthers. Series V. — Normales, or those with oblong-ovate or nearly globose- anthers opening longitudinally. The other series are founded on the inflorescence, the shape of the calyx, the position of the valves in the fruit, and the nature of the fruit itself.

BY THE REV. W. W00LLS. 55

In his preface to the Eucalyptoyraphia, 1880, (in which 100 species are figured and described), Baron Mueller has adopted Mr. Bentham's system, with certain modifications, for all the Eucalypts in Australia. Whilst still retaining the opinion that the "cortical system" is useful for work in the field, he recognises the anthereal system as most convenient for arranging specimens in the museum . Without, however, finally arranging his figures according to any fixed plan, the Baron says, that, on full consideration, he has deemed it best to leave the lithograms unnumbered, so that any one who " had occasion to utilise his work might arrange the plates either in accordance with the method derived from the stamens, or according to the cortical system, or, if he should think it more convenient, alphabetically."

The anthereal system, as modified by the Baron, is thus explained : —

I. —Renantherece \ ,..,.■,■,. ,, fco

XT V as already indicated in the flora.

II. — rorantkerece )

III — Strongylantherecb) having anthers not or scarcely longer

than broad, usually round, opening by longitudinal slits. IV. — Orthantherece, having anthers distinctly longer than broad, opening by almost parallel slits.

In tracing the study of Eucalyptus, it may be seen how diflicult it is to fix on any peculiar characters for the determination and grouping of species. Before R. Brown had visited these shores and had returned to Europe with 4000 specimens of plants almost new to science, few species of Eucalypts were known. Nor do they appear to have received much addition from the labours of that eminent man, for as his collections were made either at Port Jackson, or on the coasts of Australia when voyaging with Flinders (1801-1805), he had no opportunity, of discovering any inland species. Brown, however, was the first to notice that some of the Eucalypts had a double operculum, the outer, in his opinion, being in the form of a calyx, and the inner in that of a corolla. The species connected with his name are : —

E. calophylla, R.Br. ; Western Australia.

E. grandifolia, R.Br. ; Northern Australia.

56 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS,

E. perfoliate*,, R.Br. ; Northern Australia.

JE. Baxteri, R.Br, j probably from Kangaroo Island, and now regarded as a variety of E. santalifolia, F.v.M.

E. hypericifolia, R.Br.; from Risdon Cove, Tasmania, and now joined with E. amygdalina, Labill.

E. JRisdoni, Hook. ; collected by Brown at Risdon Cove.

E. clavigera, A. Cunn. ; collected by Brown at Careening Cove, Northern Australia.

Caley, who resided in Parramatta from 1800 to 1810, when only a small portion of the colony was known, could not have noticed any of the Eucalypts excepting in those parts now distinguished as the County of Cumberland and Hunter's River, so his name does not appear to be connected with the genus. Caley's time was not exclusively devoted to botany, for he made valuable collections in every department of natural history. It appears that he was the first to send to Europe specimens of the " Red-flowering Ironbark," and the large variety of the " Swamp Mahogany." He also collected specimens of the following species : —

E. polyanthema, Schau E. viminalis, Labill.

E. bicolor, A. Cunn. E. metadata, Hook.

E. longifolia, Lk, and Otto. E. eugenioides, Sieb.

E. siderophloia, Benth.

Caley was one of the first that made any progress in crossing the Blue Mountains, and advanced as far as the place called iC Caley's Repulse," marked by a heap of stones near Woodford ; but all his specimens of Eucalypts were collected in what is now known as the County of Cumberland. On his return to Europe, he was offered by the King of Prussia £350 for his collection of birds, but he refused the money and generously presented them to the Linnean Society, as he thought it discreditable for them to go out of England.

It was not until the Blue Mountains had been crossed by Wentworth, Blaxland, and Lawson in 1813, that the distin- guished botanist and explorer, Allan Cunningham, had an oppor- tunity of collecting specimens on the Mountains and beyond the

BY THE REV. W. WOOLLS. 57

Dividing Range. He accompanied Lieut. Oxley, then Surveyor- General of the colony, in his expedition to explore the Lachlan in 1817, and subsequently visited Liverpool Plains by a practicable pass over the Range. In these expeditions he discovered several new species, whilst about the same period Sieber appears to have collected specimens on the Blue Mountains. Cunningham was indefatigable in sending collections to Europe, but such was the apathy of those days in reference to botanical discoveries in Australia, that many of his packages remained unopened for nearly a quarter of a century ; and it was not until Mr. Bentham was engaged in preparing, with the assistance of Baron Mueller, his great work on the Flora of Australia, that Cunningham's labours were in any way appreciated. It must be admitted that the genus Eucalyptus was not a favourite with our early botanists. They found so much difficulty in distinguishing one species from another, that it used to be said the workmen at Port Jackson knew more about the different kinds of Eucalypts than those who endeavoured to define species by the usual characters. Even within my recollection, it was maintained by some that many of what are now regarded as species were simply varieties, whilst it was asserted by others that a process of hybridisation was going on amongst them. In the English Encyclopaedia, which was published in 185 4, a writer remarks "in many species the leaves are so variable in their form and other characters at different ages of the tree, or in different situations, that it is a matter of difficulty to know how they are to be botanically distinguished from each other ; and in fact the subject of the distinction of species has hardly yet been taken up, no botanist feeling competent to under- take the task without some personal acquaintance with the plants in a native state. The leaves, instead of presenting one of their surfaces to the sky and the other to the earth, as is the case with the trees in Europe, are often arranged with their faces vertical, so that each side is equally exposed to the light." He then goes on to lament over the difficulty of understanding the names by which the colonists call Eucalypts in different parts of Australia, and expresses a wish that some settled nomenclature may be introduced.

58 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS,

The labours of Bentham and Mueller have formed a new era in the history of Eucalyptus. They have enabled us to identify species but little known a quarter of a century ago, and to refer to their proper places in a systematic arrangement all the known Eucalypts. It is to be hoped, therefore, in due course that a "settled nomenclature " may be devised, and that the obscurities arising from '-local names" may be cleared up. In reviewing the different modes adopted for describing and grouping the species, it will be seen that, whilst some of the former characters have been abandoned, or are now only partially relied on, the cortical and anthereal systems have thrown much light on a subject which all botanists, from the days of Brown to the present time, have regarded as beset with many difficulties.

The first mode of arranging species, as already stated, was founded on the comparative shape and length of the operculum. This method, if adopted only in arranging the specimens of the last century, is now found to be misleading, for the operculum of E. saligna is sometimes conical and sometimes hemispherical, and this seems to have led to some confusion in mixing together the specimens of two very different species, the one a gum-tree, generally with smooth bark (E. saligna), and the other a mahogany with fibrous bark (E. botryoides), and differing very much in habit. As the genus became better known, and more species were added to Willdenow's list, it was found that some had variable opercula, especially in E. viminalis, and the larger forms of E. hcemastoma, E. resinifera, and E. punctata, and that the double opercula were confined to a few species, such as E. globulus, E. maculata, E. eximia, and E. peltata. For a long time, how- ever, the system of classifying by the operculum was continued for the want of any better, and it was sought by means of noting other peculiarities in that organ, and by recording the shape and position of the leaves, to distribute the species with some degree of regularity. Those who paid any attention to Eucalypts before Mueller and Bentham devised their respective systems, are well aware of the mistakes which arose from trusting to any descrip- tions founded simply on the character of the opercula and the

BY THE REV. W. WOOLLS. 59

leaves, and they recognise the difficulty of relying on brief descriptions, which, according to the judgment of different observers, were sometimes applied to very different trees. In referring to some of the lists which were published half a century since, it is amusing to notice the mistakes that occurred in the misapplication of botanical names. Thus, for instance, the blue- gum (E. saliyna) was referred to E. piperita, or the peppermint ; the stringy-bark (E. capitellata or E. eugenioides) to E. robusta the swamp mahogany ; white gum (E. hcemastoma) to E. tereticornis, grey gum or bastard box ; and spotted gum (E. maculata) to E. hcemastoma. It is no wonder that the systematic arrangement proved so fallacious, when it is considered that the operculum, even in the same species, is subject to variation, and that the leaves are of various shapes and sizes on the same kind of trees. This is seen in some species more than in others, whilst, as Mr. Bentiiam found, as the result of long observation, that no sure diagnostic characters could be taken from such sources. It is true that in some species the venation is well defined, and that even a few may be determined by the shape of the leaf, but these are exceptional cases ; and perhaps of all known genera no genus affords less assistance to the systematic botanist in the character of its foliage than Eucalyptus. When, therefore, so many difficulties presented themselves from previous endeavours to classify our Eucalypts, Baron Mueller's plan of grouping them according to the nature of their bark was hailed with satisfaction by observers in these colonies. The system, it is true, cannot be appreciated by European botanists, or those who have not an opportunity of seeing the trees in a living state; but to persons who are studying the species as they appear in their native forests, it affords an easy method of referring them to a recognised position. Besides, the terms "Gums," "Stringy-barks," and "Iron-barks" are so natural and familiar to the colonists, that any system founded on the smooth, fibrous, or rugged character of the bark, commends itself to them. The cortical system, therefore, has proved a step in the right direction, and it may be regarded as a popular method of overcoming some portion of the difficulty which has attended

60 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS,

the study of our Eucalypts. But, after all, as the learned Baron himself would acknowledge, the system is only an instalment towards the object sought after, for as certain trees are as variable in their bark as others are in their leaves, his sectional arrange- ment does not hold universally. There are exceptions, for instance, to the Leiopthloice ; for E. hcemastoma, E. saligna, E. viminalis, E. stellidata, and E. punctata are sometimes half- barked, whilst instances occur in which E. tereticornis has fibrous bark. The different kinds of Box are not always half-barked, and so some of the Hemiphloice incline to the Leiophloice in extreme age. I have noticed this peculiarity in E. largijiorens, and in some of the blackbutts (E. pUularis). The fibrous-barked trees, such as blood-wood, stringy-bark, and mahogany, are less liable to variation in the bark ; but in the woolly-butt (E. longifolia), of which the Baron regards the bark as wrinkled, somewhat fibrous and persistent, I have seen old trees which might have been mistaken for E. tereticornis, their trunks having completely shed their bark and become similar to gum-trees. This species, how- ever, is well defined by its large flowers and fruits, usually in threes ; but the specific name longifolia is scarcely applicable to the trees as they advance in age. The iron-bark group {Schizo- phloice) is less liable to variation in the nature of its bark than any of the preceding sections ; and yet in some forms of E. paniculata the bark is less rough and deeply furrowed than in its allies, whilst in exceptional cases, when it goes under the popular names of "Iron-bark Box," and "Bastard Iron-bark," the wood and fruit are those of iron-bark, but the bark less rugged. Some years ago, when the late Mr. Thomas Shepherd was residing with Mr. Bell, at Cabramatta, he called my attention to a tree which, so far as its general characters were concerned, appeared to be an iron-bark, the shape of the buds, flowers, and fruit being similar to those of E. paniculata, and the wood being, in the opinion of the workmen, like the ordinary iron-bark of the neigh- bourhood. Mr. Shepherd called the tree "Black Box" and "Iron- bark Box," and entertained an idea that it might be an undescribed species. Although I have had specimens of this tree for some

BY THE REV. W. WOOLLS. 61

years, it is only of late that I have come to the conclusion that the tree in question is really an iron-bark, for on Mr, H. Bray's property at Concord a similar one has been pointed out to me. This the workmen called " Bastard Iron-bark," as the wood resembles that of iron-bark, whilst the bark is not furrowed as iron-barks usually are, but is more like that of box or woolly-butt- Having examined the fruit and leaves of this tree, and having ascertained that the wood is similar to that of iron-bark, I am now convinced that the tree which puzzled Mr. T. Shepherd and that growing in Mr. Bray's paddock are identical, both of them being varieties of E. paniculata. If hybridisation were possible in the sen us, one would think that the "Iron-bark Box" is a cross between iron-bark and box, but according to the opinion of the late eminent naturalist W. S. Macleay, F.L.S., the impregna- tion of the flowers takes place before the operculum falls off, and hence in such a case crossing cannot be effected. As this matter has never been carefully investigated by any observer, nothing- like certainty can be affirmed of the probability or improbability of hybridisation. If, indeed, such a contingency might be supposed, it would relieve us of many difficulties in the fixing of species, and lead to the belief that some of the forms which resemble each other closely in flowers and fruit, but differ only in wood and bark, are merely varieties. If nature does not admit of crossing in the genus Eucalyptus, it certainly encourages that of grafting, for, in the neighbourhood of Mudgee, "the Apple" ( Angoplwra inter- media) may be seen grafted naturally on E. rostrata, whilst, on the Richmond Common, a similar eccentricity may be seen on E. tereticomis. Whatever may be discovered, however, in reference to natural changes which may be going on amongst our Eucalpyts, Baron Mueller's cortical system is one of the greatest utility, for although there are exceptional cases in which there is some uncertainty from variation of the bark in the same species, yet, generally speaking, his grouping can be maintained, and in cases where the bark seems abnormal or differing from the ordinary type, mistakes may be obviated by an examination of the flowers and fruits.

62 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS,

The anthereal system, which was in some degree suggested by Baron Mueller's descriptions in his Fragmenta, and was subse- quently worked out with great ingenuity by Mr. Bentham in the Flora Australiensis, is that now generally adopted by botanists. The Baron, in his preface to his Fuca/yptographia, expresses the opinion that it is most convenient for the arranging of specimens in herbaria, and that the method brings also into close contact most of the Eucalypts which are bound together by natural affinity. But whilst these gnat men have rendered incalculable assistance in the classification of the genus, it remains for further investigation to clear up the anomalies which still exist in the anthereal system. Though as a system for grouping the species it proves so useful, yet it must be confessed that it is not so satis- factory to the general observer, or to one who has not the leisure for microscopic investigations. When the anthers are small or in their configuration vacillating between two sections, a powerful lens or even a microscope may be necessary for accurate determination. Few persons have the time or the ability for such examinations, and, therefore, whilst the system may give great assistance to the scientific botanist in his museum, it cannot be of general use in the field or to the majority of observers. Nor, indeed, is it without its difficulties to the botanist, for, as the Baron candidly acknow- ledges, some species may be regarded as transits from one section to another, and that the characteristics of aberrant forms of any species are not covered by his synopsis. It is probable that as the species become better known and those of one district are compared with those of another, the general characters of the anthers in such species may be more accurately determined; but still the difficulty must remain of subjecting the floral organs to minute inquiry, or indeed of finding the anthers in a proper state for examination. Though, in the majority of instances, the anthereal system brings into close contact species allied by natural affinity, yet there are some remarkable exceptions to the rule. For instance, some of the "Iron-barks" stand in Porantherea?, and others in Parallelanthereae. The same may be said of some of the " Mahoganies ;" whilst a few of the " Gum Trees " are separated from those very similar in

BY THE REV. W. WOOLLS. 63

appearance. But these irregularities, as they would be popularly regarded, are of much less importance than mistakes which have arisen from a too rigid application of the an thereat system without reference to the bark, wood, or habits of certain trees. In the excellent " Forest Flora of South Australia" by Mr. J. E. Brown, F.L.S., two such instances occur, the first in E. leucoxylon, F.v.M., and the second in E. panicidata, Sm. The former of these is called in South Australia " White Gum," " Blue Gum," and " Pink Gum," and from the character of its bark it stands in the Baron's Leiophloice. Its specific name denotes that the wood is white, and the tree is said to assume a variety of forms. Now, by adhering too strictly to the anthereal system, this gum tree is said to be identical with our "Red-flowering Iron-bark" of Eastern Australia, a tree remarkable for the dark colour of its wood, and the deep fissures of its rough bark. There is certainly great similarity in the flowers and fruit, but to those who have had opportunities of seeing the two trees in their native forests, it seems marvellous that they should be regarded as the same species. Our red-flowering iron-bark is Cunningham's E. sideroxylon, and I believe that Baron Mueller now recognises it as such. E. paniculata is called in South Australia the panicle-flowered "White Gum," a small tree never found to exceed 30 or 40 feet, having deciduous bark, light-coloured wood, and a stunted spreading habit. There can be no doubt that the true E. panicidata belongs to Port Jackson, as it was one of the first of which specimens were forwarded from N. S. Wales to Europe, and which, since the publication of the Flora Australie?isis, has been identified as the " Pale or White Iron-bark " (so called to distinguish it from the iron-barks with darker wood). This tree rises to 100 feet and upwards, has very tough wood, persistent bark, and an upright habit. The two trees, notwithstanding the close resemblance of flowers and fruit, must be regarded as two distinct species. Another instance occurs in E. polyanthema, under which the "Poplar-leaved Box" or "Lignum vitas" of the low countrv is confused with the "Red Box or Slaty Gum " beyond the Dividing Range The trees differ very much from each other in bark, wood, and habit, for whilst

64 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS,

that of the low country is a small tree with hard dark-coloured wood and little esteemed, the " Red Box " beyond Mudgee is a fine tree with wood highly valued in the building of bridges, &c.

In the consideration of specific differences, little stress has been laid on the nature and position of leaves, because they are so variable even iu the same species. It is true that some have alternate, and some opposite leaves, and some have the leaves opposite when young, and alternate as they grow older; but these variations do not afford any character for sectional division. The trees which have opposite leaves are chiefly : —

E. pidvemdeyita (including E. tetragona (nearly so)

E. ciaerea) E. odontocarpa ) (opposite or

E. mehmopJdoia E. tetrodonta J alternate)

E. cordata (Tasmania) E. gamophylla

E. macrocarpa . #. setosa

E. perjo'iata E. pruinosa (nearly)

E. erythrocorys (nearly so) E. doratoxylon (nearly) Those which have the leaves opposite when young are : — E. vimincdis E. Stuart iana

E. pilularis E. goniocalyx

E. globidus E. amygdalina

To these may be added a few species which appear with opposite leaves simply as seedlings; but it does not seem ' probable that, even with a more extensive knowledge of the foliage (desirable as such information is), much advantage would be gained in the way of classification.

Some have thought that, in the determination of doubtful species, the texture of the wood should be considered. It is no doubt very useful for cabinet purposes to collect specimens of the wood ; and the late Sir William Macarthur was in the habit of having such neatly arranged in the form of books. I could imagine that a set of Eucalypt woods, carefully polished so as to exhibit the grain for examination, would assist materially in the identification of some species, but I caunot think that 150 different kinds of woods, arranged in the way specified, would contribute much towards classification. I have been told by practical men that the timber of some trees differs very much in proportion to

BY THE REV. W. WOOLLS. 65

its age, and that even in some cases one side of a tree has better wood than the other. The soil also is said to affect the character of the wood. Without seeing the bark as well as the wood, even experienced men are deceived, and I have heard of cases in which inferior species have been passed off as iron-bark for railway sleepers.

The late lamented Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., who had paid considerable attention to the genus Eucalyptus, was of opinion that much might be done by studying the shape, size, and peculiarities of the seeds, and he had commenced collecting them with that view. There are great differences in the seeds, as may be seen by the figures in Baron Mueller's Eitccdyptographia, and of the 100 species there illustrated, the following have a membrane or wing attached to them.

E. abergiana. E. tetragona.

E. pachyphylla. E. ficifolia.

E. corymbosa. E. oldfieldii.

E. setosa. E. gamojihylla.

E. ptychocarpa. E. pyriformis.

E. foelscheana. E. santalifolia.

E. todtiana. E. tessalaris.

It is well to place on record any further differences that may be noticed, as they may serve as notes for the fixing of species ; but probably nothing is of greater importance than the shape of the fruit, the position of the capsule, the number of its cells, and the appearance of the valves. Some years ago, when writing about Eucalyptus, I remarked that, "viewed practically, Baron Mueller's method of grouping our Eucalypts, according to the nature and texture of the bark, is the best system which has yet been promul- gated ; and whilst future observations may render it more precise by defining with accuracy the particular group under which each species should be ranged, the basis of the system is likely to be permanent." The anthereal system had not then been elaborated, nor was I aware that the cortical system was liable to any serious exceptions. I do not see, however, any reason to alter the opinion I expressed, for by paying more attention to the figure and openings of the anthers than was thought of at that time, any 5

66 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS.

mistakes arising from the abnormal state of the hark may be rectified. To the passage already quoted I added, " As regards the fixing of species and of ascertaining the amount of variation to which some are liable, other principles must be applied. Some species, indeed, are marked by the double operculum, some by winged seeds, and others by the colour of their stamens ; but the shape, cells, valves, &c, of the seed-vessels present very important notes of distinction and deserve the most attentive study. Hence I believe that these considerations, when taken in connection with the cortical group to which the respective species belong, will be found most efficacious in settling many difficulties." Since 1860, Baron Mueller has made wonderful progress in the description of new species and in illustrating their peculiar properties, but I still think that if any further improvement is to be made in the matter of classification, it must be by the study of their fruits. To collect the fruits of all known Eucalypts, and to form groups on the basis I have suggested, would be the work of time and might need almost a specialist ; but if it be true, as the Baron is fond of saying, that not only in religion but in the study of the vegetable kingdom, species are known by their fruits, it may reasonably be expected that to the cortical and anthereal systems, a carpological one may yet be added, which will dissipate the obscurity which still rests on the true characters of some species, and render the study of Eucalyptus as practicable as that of any other genus. Some of our great naturalists have been so impressed with the importance of the fruit and its seed, as * constituting the crown and end of the whole nature and vitality of plants/' that they have not hesitated to regard them as superior to the other parts in dignity; and probably, if the fruits of all our Eucalypts could be procured and arranged systematically according to their variations, additional light would be thrown on the matter of classification. Baron F. von Mueller has already hinted at this in his l£ucalyptographiaf and should he be spared to take a comprehensive view of the whole genus (including the species of those Eucalypts which at present are but partially known), he would add, if it were possible, to the world-wide reputation he has already acquired.

67

THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW

GUINEA.

By C. Hedley, F.L.S., Corr. Mem.

(Plates ix. -xi I. and XII. bis.)

To naturalists generally the " Land of the Bird of Paradise " has ever been a source of interest, but to Australian students such a land, whose past history is intimately bound up with that of our own continent, should be especially attractive. Many archaic forms doubtless survive in that vast unknown region whose moun- tains, the loftiest in Australasia, possess every climate from the cold zone above the tree line to the tropical jungles of the littoral. Twenty years ago the coast of British New Guinea was a blank on the map, being less known than that of any country outside the Polar regions, and to-day the interior is almost entirely unexplored. What scanty information we possess concerning its fauna and flora is, therefore, of recent date. The first fruits of the conchological harvest were gathered by the naturalists of H.M.S. "Rattlesnake," who visited the Louisiades in 1849-50, and described by Forbes in an appendix to the account of that voyage. Sir W. Macleay, in 1875, touched at Yule Island in the " Chevert," in which neigh- bourhood many new species were obtained by his staff, descriptions of which by Brazier will be found in the earlier volumes of this Society's Proceedings. During the same and following years D'Albettis amassed, both on Yule Island and the Fly River, a fine collection of mollusca which were subsequently treated of by Tapparone-Canefri (Annali del Museo Civico di Genova, xix.). A trader and collector, Mr. A. Goldie, procured many shells during various excursions along the coast and in the interior, most of which went to the British Museum, and were described by Smith in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History. In 1889 a

68 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

collection was made by Sir W. Macgregor's party in the Louisiades ; this was presented to the British Museum and was also described by Smith.

British New Guinea comprises the south-eastern quarter of Papua with the adjacent reefs and islands, except those falling within the Queensland boundary, between the meridians of 141° and 155° of E. longitude, and the parallels of 8° and 12° of S. latitude. Though these political boundaries do not form the natural limits of the fauna, it will be more convenient to restrict ourselves to the consideration of the mollusca of the British province. For while the collections made in foreign colonies are described by foreign writers in a foreign language, and the types deposited in more or less inaccessible museums, the specimens obtained in the British area are naturally referred to British or Australian naturalists. Information regarding this fauna is so scattered through various publications that I believe that I have consulted the convenience of future inquirers by adding to the results of my own researches a summary of the labours of my predecessors.

For an opportunity of investigating this interesting region T am indebted to Sir William Macgregor, M.D., K.C.M.G., Adminis- trator of British New Guinea, whose guest I was from May to August, 1890, and under whose auspices I was enabled to visit the St. Joseph River,* Milne Bay, &c. I take this occasion to record my thanks both to his Honor and to the gentlemen of his staff who so often and so kindly assisted me in my scientific pursuits.

Part of the material dealt with in this communication I collected personally, part was spoil of the Fly River expedition of the previous year, part was obtained for me under the directions of Sir William by Messrs. Kowald and Belford in the Louisiade, Trobriand, and Woodlark Archipelagos, and for part I am indebted to Messrs. Masters and Brazier, of the Macleay and

* Only the latest maps show the St. Joseph River, which rises under Mt. Yule and flows into Hall Sound.

BY C. HEDLEY. 69

Australian Museums respectively. To Mr. Brazier I am particu- larly obliged for much information, assistance in determining species, and for the loan of notes, papers, and specimens.

The land shells of the province exhibit four rather distinct geographical divisions : —

(a) The alpine fauna, whose sole known member is Rhytida ylobosa. Judging from the flora of these altitudes, as studied by Baron von Mueller (Trans. Roy. Soc. Vic. i. pt. 2, p. 1), the mollusca will probably exhibit affinities with those of Tasmania or Victoria. Cystopelta and Paryphanta are forms whose discovery may be anticipated.

(b) Secondly, that region lying between Port Moresby and the Fly River. Typical of this area are Hadra broadbenti, Geotroclius taylorianus, and Helicina coxeni. From this fauna the tropical mollusca of Queensland were perhaps derived, the colonists migrating across the dry bed of Torres Straits. Proceeding along the coast eastwards from Hula and Aroma to Orangerie Bay, we pass through a district quite unknown.

(c) A third province commences at South Cape Island in the west and includes all the eastern extremity of New Guinea with the outiying islands of Loggia, Samarai, Sarabai, Seidea, and Basilaki, or as they were formerly called Heath, Dinner, Hayter, Basilisk, and Moresby. I believe that the north-east coast will fall within this province whose typical members are Hadra rehsei, Nanina Jmnsteini, and Geotrochus brmneriensis.

(d) The fourth fauna inhabits the Louisiade, the Dentie- casteaux,* the Trobriand, and the Woodlark Archipelagos. Charac- teristic forms are the Geotrochi allied to louisiadensis, and the gigantic Pupinellse allied to grandis. Of some species, Nanina divisa, Chloritis leei, and Helicina insularum for example, each island appears to possess a form, generally a variation peculiar to it. Many species have, through the blunders of unscientific collectors, been ascribed to the Dentrecasteaux Islands. I have

* The spelling of this name here adopted is not the version usually accepted but that of the official account of Dentrecasteaux's Voyages.

70 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

myself collected G. rollsianus and P. brazierce upon Fergusson Island, and these, with the ubiquitous L. vitreum, are the only land shells yet known as indigenous to the group. These two characteristic forms would indicate that the fauna of these magnificent mountain islands will prove to be related rather to that of the distant Louisiades than to that of the nearer mainland.

1. OXYTES HERCULES, n.Sp.

(Plate ix., figs. 1-2.)

Shell narrowly perforate, solid, large, orbicular, depressed, sharply keeled at the periphery ; colour, above brownish-yellow, darkening as the whorls increase, on the base chestnut radiately painted with brownish-yellow, these tints reside solely in the epidermis beneath which the shell is livid, peristome pink ; whorls 6 J, slowly and regularly increasing, above flattened ; sculpture, fiist three whorls nearly smooth showing minute granulations under the lens, on the outer whorls a few faint impressed spiral lines are decussated by coarse irregular oblique costse, between which are microscopic waved hair lines, at right angles to these are short straight indentations, on approaching the aperture the sculpture grows rougher and more uneven ; apex obtuse, apical whorls minute with no break in colour or form to indicate an embryonic shell ; suture impressed, deepening as it proceeds ; bise rounded, gently curving in to the umbilicus, faintly spirally and radiately striated ; epidermis glossy, scaling off readily in large flakes ; aperture not descending, oblique, angularly lunate, peristome thickened internally, the base of the columella thickened, reflected over and nearly covering the perforation, margins of the peristome connected by a thin white semi-transparent callus. Diam. maj. 66, min. 55, alt. 30 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

H a b i t a t. — Fly River (Macgregor); a single example. There is an unlocalised specimen in Dr. Cox's collection, and another in the Australian Museum, each measuring 62 : 48 : 29 mm.

BY- C. HEDLEY. 71

This fine shell, the largest yet discovered in New Guinea, is, with the following species, closely allied to iV. dorice, T.-C, and probably to //. achilles, Braz. Unfortunately my specimens consist only of dead shells, and as Tapparone gives no anatomical characters, the generic position of the group remains a matter of

conjecture.

2. 0. flyensis, n.sp.

(Plate ix., figs. 3-4.) Shell hardly perforate, solid, large, orbicularly turbinate, acutely angled at the periphery, angle disappearing in the latter part of the last whorl ; colour shell white, a broad black band edged below with reddish-brown encircling the base beneath the periphery, epidermis olive-green through which the peripheral band is visible, peristome pink ; whorls 6, slowly and regularly increasing, above rather convex; sculpture, first three whorls nearly smooth, showing regular delicate oblique ribs under the lens, outer whorls with coarse irregular oblique striae, between which are microscopic waved hair lines, confusedly malleated, sculpture coarser on the last whorl ; apex obtuse, apical whorls minute, no definition of embryonic whorls ; suture impressed, deepening as it proceeds ; base rounded, umbilical region impressed, coarsely radiately striated ; epidermis glossy, deciduous ; aperture oblique, angularly lunate, peristome thickened and bent inwards, the base of the columella spread over almost all the umbilicus, margins not connected by a callus. Diam. maj. 60, min. 49, alt. 34 mm.

T y p e in Queensland Museum.

H a b i t a t. — Fly River (Macgregor) ; three dead shells.

3.* Nanina citrina, Linne, 1759.

Illustrations. — Chem. Conch. Cab. ix. pi. 131, figs. 1170, 1172, 1173; Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab. 2nd ed. pi. 35, figs. 1, 2, 3 ; Voy. " Astrolable," Zool. ii.pl. 11, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4; Voy. " Uranie et Physicienne," Zool. pi. 67, figs. 2, 3 ; Ostas. Zool. n. pi. 6,

* Species thus distinguished extend beyond the boundaries of British New Guinea.

72 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

figs. 1-12, pi. 7; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vn. pi. 89, fig. 482a, b, c, d; Tryon, Man. Conch. (2), n. pi. 20, figs. 88-95; &o., &c.

Descriptions. — Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 771 ; Mon. Hel. Yiv. i. p. 53; Voy. "Astrolable," Zool. n. p. 140; Voy. " Uranie et Physicienne," Zool. p. 471 ; Voy. "Coquille," Zool. II. p. 306; Ostas. Zool. II., p. 193; Lamarck, An. s. Vert. vi. pt. 2, p. 77 ; Tryon, Man. Conch. (2), n. p. 72 ; &c, &c.

Anatomy. — Semper, Reis. Philipp. ill. p. 63, pi. 3, fig. 13a, b, pi. 6, fig. 30 ; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 8, fig. 2.

Type in Linnean Society's Museum, London.

Habitat. — Douglas River (Bevan), Fly River (Froggatt), foot of Owen Stanley Range (Goldie).

4. N. hunsteini, E. A. Smith, 1887.

Ulusn— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, figs. 6.

Descrn— L.c. (5), xix. 416.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Not foot of Astrolabe and Owen Stanley Ranges (Goldie fide Smith), but Milne Bay (Hedley).

Found upon the hills under rotten palm spathes. Animal measures 70 mm. from pedal horn to base of tentacles, tentacles 18 mm., pedal horn 6 mm. in length ; colour reddish-chestnut darkening into black, tentacles black ; mantle margin when fully extended reaching in front over the proximal third of the neck, on the right side down to the pedal line, right shell lobe triangular covering the apex of the shell, and reaching past it to the ultimate whorl, left shell lobe narrow, tongue-shaped, stretching along the last whorl for 1 2 mm. ; tentacles tapering from contiguous bases ; pedal line well marked ; upper surface of tail impressed deeply with a central furrow, whence the surface slopes upwards to an acute keel on either side thence descending perpendicularly to the margin of the foot; horn slender, smooth, as is also the adjoining portion of the tail, incessantly waved from side to side ; mucous gland excavated into the tail above two lobes.

BY C. IIEDLEY. 73

5. N. fraudulenta, E. A. Smith, 1887. Descr11- — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. 417. Type in British Museum. Hab. — Foot of Astrolabe Range (Goldie fide Smith) 1

6. N. cairni, E. A. Smith, 1887. Illusn- — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, fig. 5. Descr11— L.c. (5), xix. 417. Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Foot of Astrolabe and Owen Stanley Ranges (Goldie fide Smith).

7. N. exilis, Muller, 1774 (?) Ill us11— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, fig. 13. Descr11— L.c. (5), xix. 418. Specimens I gathered near Aipiana resemble Smith's figure.

8. N. divisa, Forbes, 1852.

Illusn- — Voy. "Rattlesnake," n. pi. 2, figs. 5 a-b ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vn. pi. 205, fig. 1450 ; Tryon, Man. Conch. (2), n. pi. 13, fig. 70.

Descr11- — Mon. Hel. Viv. in. p. 77; Voy. "Rattlesnake," II. Append, p. 376 ; Tryon, Man. Conch. (2), n. 39.

T y p e in British Museum.

Hab. — Sudest Island, Louisiades (Forbes, Kowald and Belford).

var. inclinata, Pfeiffer, 1863. 1 11 us"-— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. pi. 13, fig. 16. Descr11— P.Z.S. 1863, p. 526 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. v. p. 129. Type in British Museum. H a b. — St. Aignan or Misima (Thomson, Kowald and Belford).

74 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

var. rosseliana, Smith, 1889.

1 11 us11— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. pi. 13, fig. 15. Descr11 — L.c. (6), iv. 200. Type in British Museum. Hab. — Rossel Island (Thomson).

var. minor, var. no v.

Resembling the type in outline but smaller and lighter in colour. Diam. maj. 22, min. 19, alt. 11 mm. Type in Queensland Museum. Hab.— Mita, Milne Bay (Hedley).

var. woodlarkensis, var. no v.

More globose than type, much inflated around the umbilicus. Diam. maj. 31, min. 27, alt. 17 mm. Type in Queensland Museum. Hab. — Woodlark Island (Kowald and Belford) ; one specimen.

9. N. orbiculum, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883.

Illus11-— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 5, figs. 16, 17, 18.

Descr11-— L.c. p. 204.

Anat. — L.c. xix. pi. 7, fig. 7.

Type in Genoa Museum.

Hab. — Fly and Katow Rivers (D'Albertis).

10. N. bruijni, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883.

Illus"— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 5, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Descr11— L.c. p. 206.

Type in Genoa Museum.

Hab. — Fly and Katow Rivers (D'Albertis).

BY C. HEDLEV. 75

11. Conulus starkei, Brazier, 1876. (Plate ix., fig. 5.)

Descr11 — P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), I. 103; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 98.

Type in Macleay Museum.

H a b. —Yule Island (Brazier) ; in scrub on the hills behind the village of Maiva, in scrub on Mission Hill, beach just above high tide mark Port Moresby, beach ditto Mita, Milne Bay (Hedley). Mr. Brazier's type specimen is here figured by kind permission of Mr. Masters.

The following extract from my note-book refers to a Mita specimen : — Animal translucent ; when extended foot not reaching to posterior margin of shell, tail keeled and diagonally grooved, terminating in a mucous pore, surmounted by a small horn ; foot margined with a pedal line ; tentacles short, cylindrical, bases separate.

This species should be compared with such forms as subrugosa, Garrett, from Fiji.

12. C. maino, Brazier, 1876. (Plate ix., fig. 6). D e s c rn— P.L.S.KS.W. (1), i. 101 ; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 97 T y p e in Macleay Museum. Hab. — Yule Island (Brazier). Figured from the type.

13. Microcystina sappho, Brazier, 1876. (Plate ix., fig. 7.) Descr11— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), i. 100; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 95. Type in Macleay Museum.

Hab. — Yule Island (Brazier); Maiva and Mission Hill, in company with C. starkei (Hedley). Figured from a Maivan specimen.

76 THE LAND MOLLUSC AN FAUNA OP BRITISH NEW GUINEA, 14. M. CALCARATA, n.sp.

(Plate ix., fig. 8, and PI. x., fig. 9.)

Shell small, subdiscoidal, perforate, thin, translucent ; colour dark chestnut, apical whorls straw-coloured ; whorls 4 J, rounded, slowly increasing ; sculpture, to the unassisted eye the surface is smooth and glossy, but the microscope shows extremely fine radiating waved hair lines ; spire scarcely elevated, embryonic whorls 2, distinct ; suture channelled, margined beneath by a heavy opaque callus ; base flattened, umbilicus narrow triangular, circum-umbilical region funnel-shaped ; aperture not descending, vertical, ovate lunate, peristome straight, thin, columellar margin thickened and produced into a callous spur overhanging the umbilicus, callus on body whorl thin and microscopically granulated. Diana, maj. 2-J-, min. 1^, alt. 1 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hah. — Associated with C. starkei and P. pedicula under sticks and stones, near the beach, 200 yards west of Mita village, Milne Bay (Hedley).

I have here accepted the value given to the badly defined section of Microcystina by Tryon (Man. Conch. (2), n. 124.) These Papuan species are probably allied to the Fijian forms there

enumerated.

15. Helicarion visi, n.sp.

(Plate x., fig. 13.)

Shell depressed, thin, brittle, glossy, transparent ; colour pale yellow ; whorls 3J, rather rapidly increasing, rounded at the periphery ; sculpture fine incremental striae ; suture margined, impressed, base imperforate, impressed in the centre, swollen around it ; aperture diagonal, ovate lunate, peristome thin, simple, margins joined by a slight callus, columellar margin reflected. Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 4 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Basilaki Island; six examples under sticks and stones in the jungle (Hedley).

BY C. HEDLEY. 77

The length of the largest spirit specimen, from muzzle to mucous pore, was 20 mm., the tail extending posteriorly half that distance from the visceral hump. General colour light yellow, upper surface of tail, mantle lobes, neck, and tentacles bluish-gray. Tail sub- keeled, scarcely diminishing in height posteriorly, suddenly increasing at caudal extremity and terminating abruptly, bearing a well-developed mucous pore above the pedal groove ; a dorsal central groove runs the length of the tail distributing oblique branches which reach the pedal groove. The mantle is divided into left and right triangular shell lobes and two neck lappets. From the lips a well-defined pedal line extends to the mucous pore, from the pulmonary orifice and from a corresponding position on the left side another groove runs to the lips.

The jaw is that of a typical Relicarion, smooth, lunate, with inferior median limb.

In the odontophore the rows of teeth curve slowly backwards from the rachidian, which has a slender ovate median cusp and two small accessory cusps, the laterals develop only the distal cusp, and their main cusp is longer and broader than that of the rachidian ; after being repeated for twelve rows this type is succeeded by 20 small unicuspidate marginals.

This species, the first of its genus recorded from New Guinea, is dedicated to C. W. de Vis, Esq., M. A., Director of the Queensland Museum, as a slight token of the author's regard and gratitude for numberless kind actions.

16. H. musgravei, n.sp. (Plate x., fig. 14.) Shell globose, thin, brittle, transparent ; pale yellow ; whorls 3-J, rounded ; suture impressed, margined, sculpture minute incre- mental strise ; base imperforate, impressed in the centre, swollen around it ; aperture oblique ovate lunate, lip thin, simple, margins connected by a slight callus, columellar margin reflected. Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, alt. 4 mm.

T y p e in Queensland Museum.

78 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

Hab. — Doura (Hedley).

Named after the Hon. A. Musgrave, of British New Guinea.

17. |Thalassia annula, Brazier, 1876. (Plate x., fig. 10.) Desc rn— P.L.S.N.S. W. ( 1), 1. 100 ; Ann. Mus. Gen, xix. p. 94. Type in Macleay Museum.

H ab. — Village of Mowatta, mouth of Katow River (Brazier). Figured from type.

Doubtful, — T. rustica, Pfr., supposed by Mr. Petterd to exist near Port Moresby (vide Journ. of Conch, i. p. 396 ; Ann. Mus. Gen. xxiv. p. 125 bis.).

18. -j-Trochomorpha planorbis, Lesson, 1830.

IHusn._Yoy. "Coquille," Moll. pi. 13, figs. 4, 4', 4"; Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab. 2 ed. Helix, ii, pi. 129, figs. 16, 17 ; Mousson, Land Sussw. Moll. Java, pi. 2, fig. 9 ; Martens, Ostas. Zool. pi. 13, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7 i Tryon, Man. Conch. (2), m. pi. 16, figs. 78-82 ; &c, &c.

Descr11— Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. i. p. 122 ; Voy. "Coquille," Zool. ii. p. 312; Tryon, Man. Conch. (2), in. 82 ; &c, &c.

T y p e in Museum of the Jardin cles Plantes.

H a b. — Fly River (D'Albertis, Froggatt) ; Katow River (D'Albertis).

19. T. lomonti, Brazier, 1876.

1 11 us11-— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 2, figs. 5, 6, 7 ; Tryon, Man. Conch. (2), in. pi. 15, figs. 50, 51, 52.

Descr11— P.L.S.N.S. W. (1), i, 101; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 91 ; Tryon, Man, Conch. (2), in. p. 82.

A n at. —Ann. Mus. Gen. pi. 6, fig. 2, pi. 8, fig. 3, pi. 9, fig. 4.

Type in Macleay Museum.

Hab. — Yule Island (Brazier, D'Albertis.)

BY C. HEDLEY.

79

20. T. nigrans, E. A. Smith, 1889. Illusn— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. pi. 13, figs. 9, 10, 11. D e s c r" — L.c. p. 200. T y p e in British Museum. Hab. — Rossel Island (Thomson, Belford and Kowald).

var. cornea, var.nov.

Smaller than type, horn-coloured. Diam. maj. 16, min. 14, alt. 6 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Sudest Island (Kowald and Belford) ; one specimen.

21. Ochthephila albertisi, Brazier, 1876. (Plate x., fig. 11.)

Descr11— P.L.S.KS.W. (1), I. 104; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 183.

Type in Macleay Museum.

H a b. — Yule Island (Brazier).

Figured from the type. The generic position of this species is doubtful.

22. Charopa texta, n.sp.

(Plate x., fig. 12.)

Shell depressed turbinate, thin, perforate, glistening ; colour reddish-corneous ; whorls 4 J, rounded, flattened beneath the suture ; sculpture strong sinuate oblique radiating ribs, of which the last whorl possesses about 60, in each interstice and parallel to the ribs are 4 or 5 fine raised hair lines, decussating these secondary costse and of the same calibre are raised spiral lines, which are most prominent on the spire and base ; epidermis possessing a silky sheen ; suture deeply impressed ; apex not prominent, embryonic whorls 1J, shining, nearly smooth, but faintly repeating the adult sculpture ; umbilicus narrow, deep, spiral ; base rounded ; aperture oblique, roundly lunate, peristome

>,

80 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OP BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

straight, sharp, columellar margin reflected. Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, alt. 4 ram.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Mission Hill, Upper St. Joseph River (Hedley) ; two living specimens occurred to me under fallen timber in dense jungle.

23. Rhytida globosa, Hedley, 1890. (Plate x., figs. 15-16.)

Descr"' — Annual Report of British New Guinea, 1888-89, p. 65.

Shell depressed-globose, thin, translucent, perforate, very glossy ; whorls 4^, the earlier flattened, the later rounded, rather rapidly increasing, the last a little expanded, not descending at the aperture ; colour reddish-chestnut above, lighter beneath, first three whorls bleached nearly white ; sculpture almost effaced on the body whorl, where nearly obsolete spiral impressed lines cross the faint irregular growth lines, the earlier whorls exhibit fine close oblique stria? cut by fine spiral grooves, a pitted (not striated) surface is offered by the first whorl and a-half, which seem embryonic ; suture impressed, slightly crenulated, bordered beneath by a narrow white band, which is in turn edged by a black line ; aperture ovate, oblique, peristome simple above, slightly reflected below ; interior bluish-white, probably iridescent when fresh, columellar wall overlaid by a thin deposit ; umbilicus narrow, partially hidden by the reflected peristome at its j unction with the base ; base a little inflated. Diam. maj. 17, min. 14, alt. 10 mm.

T y p e in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Mt. Victoria, the culminating point (13,000 ft.) of the Owen Stanley Range (Macgregor).

Near a village on the south shore of Milne Bay whose name I do not know, but which may be identified by its position directly south of Mita, I found, in company H. rehsei, C. Jiorridus, and 0. brazierij a shell differing from but closely resembling Patula

BY C. HEDLEY. 81

fabrefacta, Pease. I cannot venture to describe the species from my single dead and bleached specimen, but can only record the existence in New Guinea of a group hitherto regarded as peculiar to the Eastern Pacific.

24. Cristigibba rhodomphala, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. Illusn- — Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 4, figs. 12, 13. Descr11- — L.c. xix. p. 176. Type in Genoa Museum, var. alpha.

H a b. — Fly River (D'Albertis, Froggatt) ; Douglas River (Bevan) ; Mission Hill (Hedley).

25. C. plagiocheila, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. II 1 u sn— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 5, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7. Descr11 — L.c. xix. p. 174. Anat. — L.c. xix. pi. 7, fig. 6. T y p e in Genoa Museum. Hab.— Fly and Katow Rivers (D'Albertis).

26. C. dominula, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. Illus11-— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 4, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11. Descr11- — L.c. xix. p. 178. Anat. — L.c. xix. pi. 7, fig. 4, pi. 9, figs. 5, 14. Type in Genoa Museum, vars. alpha, beta, delta.

Hab. — Fly and Katow Rivers (D'Albertis) ; Douglas River (Bevan).

27. C. deaniana, Ford, 1890.

Descr11-— Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil. 1890, p. 188.

Type in Phil. Acad. Museum.

Hab. — British New Guinea (Denton). 6

82 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA 28. C. MACGREGORI, ll.Sp.

(Plate x.5 tigs. 17-19.)

Shell uuibilicated, discoidal, thin, translucent j colour reddish- brown above, lighter beneath, peristome bright lilac, interior of shell subnacreous, iridescent, gleaming bluish-white ; whorls 4J, rounded, the earlier gradually the last rapidly increasing, last descending considerably and gradually at the aperture and furnished with the gibbosity characteristic of the genus ; sculpture oblique flat-topped costse whose shallow interstices contain two or three fine radiating striae, both costaa and strise are crossed by minute spiral grooves ; apical whorls sunken, smooth ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture diagonal, lunate, peristome widely expanded above, reflected below, margins approaching, connected by a thin transparent callus, columellar margin expanded over a quarter of the umbilicus ; the latter narrow, deep, showing every revolution of the spire, margin abruptly rounded. Diarn. maj. 28, min. 21, alt. 12 mm.

T y p e in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Village of Aipiana, St. Joseph River (Hedley). Dead shells were seen in abundance, animals were purchased from the natives.

Dedicated to Sir William Macgregor, M.D., K.C.M.G., whose zeal for science has greatly increased the world's knowledge of the Papuan fauna and flora.

Recorded from the province in error. C. corniculum, Hombr. et Jacq.

Vide Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xi. 190, and Ann. Mus. Gen.

xix. p. 179.

C. dentoni, Ford, 1890.

Vide Proc. Acad. Phil. 1889, p. 138 j " The Nautilus," m. p. 17, 2 woodcuts.

Mr. Brazier assures me that this species is identical with (H.) tuckeri. Pfr., Queensland specimens of which frequently possess a

BY C. HEDLEY. 83

continuous peristome, on which feature Ford bases his distinction. Before his death in New Guinea, Professor Denton visited Northern Queensland, where no doubt he collected Ford's specimens.

29. Chloritis dinodeomorpha, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. 1 11 us11-— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 4, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7. Descr11- — L.c. xix. p. 168. An at.— L.c. xix. pi. 7, fig. 5, pi. 9, figs. 2, 15. T y p e in Genoa Museum.

Hab.- Fly Kiver (D'Albertis, Froggatt) ; Mission Hill, St. Joseph River (Hedley).

30. C. leei, Cox, 1873. Ill us11-— P.Z.S. 1873, pi. 48, figs. 5, 5a.

Descrn-L.c. 1873, p. 565; Mon. Hel. Viv. vn. p. 395; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 201. Type in Australian Museum. H a b. — St. Aignan (Thomson^c/e Smith, Kowald and Belford).

var. woodlarhensis, var.nov. Smaller than type, lip dark purple, umbilicus nearly hidden by the reflection of the columella. Diam. maj. 25, pain. 20, alt. 18 mm.

Hab. — Woodlark Island (Kowald and Belford).

var. sudestensis, var.nov.

Larger and more globose than type, lighter in colour, and umbilicus less overhung by the reflection of the columella. Diam. maj. 34, min. 25, alt. 26 mm.

H a b. — Sudest Island (Kowald and Belford).

var. imjmensis, var.nov. More elevated than type. Diam. maj. 33, min. 25, alt. 26 mm. H a b. — Mita, Milne Bay, and Mr. Kissack's selection near Samarai (Hedley).

84 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

How far these insular forms may be permanent my material is too scanty to satisfactorily decide.

31. C. subcorpulentus, E. A. Smith, 1889.

Illus11— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. pi. 13, fig. 14.

Descr11— L.c. p. 201.

Type in British Museum.

H a b. — Rossel Island (Thomson).

In the jungle near Doura I found living with H. musgravei, a new species of Chloritis allied to the Queensland yorteri. My specimens of it were accidentally crushed before reaching Australia.*

32. j-Hadra rehsei, von Martens, 1883.

S y n o n y m — gerrardi, Smith, 1883.

Illus11-— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, fig. 14.

Descr11'— Jahrb. Malak. Gesell. 1883, p. 83 • Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xi. 192 ; l.c. (5), xix. 418.

Type(?)

Hab. — Not Dentrecasteaux Islands (Goldie fide Smith), nor Dinner Island (Smithurst fide Brazier), but south shore of Milne Bay (Hedley).

33. H. beatricis, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. Illus13- — Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 4. fig. 14. Descr11- — L.c. xix. p. 163. Anat. — L.c. xix. pi. 8, fig. 16. Type in Genoa Museum. H a b.— Fly River (D'Albertis, Froggatt).

34. H. hixoni, Brazier, 1877.

Illus11-— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 5, fig. 22 ; Tryon, Man. (2) vi. pi. 25, fig. 91.

Descr11— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), n. 120; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 187 ; Tryon, Man. (2) vi. p. 177.

* Since this has been in type a description of this species as C. chloritoides Pilsbry, has reached me.

BY C. HEDLEY. 85

T y p e in Coll. Hobson.

Hab. — Seven miles inland from Hall Sound (Hixon fids Brazier).

35. H. broadbenti, Brazier, 1877.

Hlusn— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 5, fig. 21 ; Tryon, Man. (2) vi. pi. 25, fig. 100.

Descr11— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), n. 25; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 188 ; Tryon, Man. (2) vi. p. 176.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Not Dentrecasteaux Islands (Goldie fide Smith), but Laloki River, near Port Moresby (Broadbent) ; village of Najabui (D'Albertis) ; St. Joseph River (Heclley).

Mr. Brazier has kindly furnished me with the following descrip- tion : —

36. " Helix bevani, Brazier, n.sp.

(Plate xi., figs. 22-23.)

" Shell umbilicate, depressed, sharply carinated at the periphery, thin, obliquely striated, reddish-brown with a dark nearly black narrow line at the centre, epidermis yellowish-brown ; spire slightly elevated ; apex dark pink ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 41 very slightly convex, last largest in front ; umbilicus narrow, shallow ; base flattened, striae finer than upper surface ; aperture hatchet-shaped ; peristome black, slightly expanded and reflected, right margin at the upper part thin ; columellar margin broadly expanded and reflected over the umbilicus. Diam. maj. 45, min. 35, alt. 18 mm. ; height of aperture 12, breadth 21 mm.

"Type in Australian Museum.

" Hab. — Douglas River, British New Guinea (Be van).

" This fine species is allied to Helix Goldei, Braz. ; a single dead specimen in a good state of preservation was found by Mr. Theodore F. Bevan, F.R.G.S., during his exploration of British New Guinea in 1887."

86 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

37. Geotrochus oxystoma, E. A. Smith, 1883.

(Plate x., fig. 20, and PL xi., fig. 21.)

Syn. — goldiei, Brazier.

Descrn-- Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xi. 191 ; P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), ix. 804.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Not Dentrecasteaux Islands (Golclie fide Smith), but foot of Astrolabe Range (Goldie) and Doura, Galley Reach (Hedley).

By adopting Geotrochus as a generic title the necessity is obviated of discarding Smith's name, since oxystoma is not pre- occupied in Geotrochus, though, as Brazier points out, it is in Helix. The figures which illustrate, though they hardly adorn, p. 173 of Stone's " Ten Months in New Guinea," are intended, I believe, to represent this species.

38. G. elisus, n.sp. (Plate xi., figs. 24-25.) Shell umbilicate, thin, discoidal, carinate ; colour pale straw, with two narrow reddish spiral bands, the superior midway between the suture and the periphery, the inferior encircling the base at a third of the distance from the keel to the umbilicus, the carina is sometimes edged above and below by similar bands, peristome white ; whorls 4J, increasing regularly until the final whorl, which in its latter half contracts a little, the earlier whorls slightly convex, the latter flat ; sculpture close, irregular oblique striations above and below, crossed by a few faint impressed lines in the neighbourhood of the keel ; apex obtuse, the embryonic shell apparently constituting the first revolution ; suture impressed above, becoming linear as it proceeds, margined above by the keel of the preceding whorl ; base flattened at the periphery, slightly swollen within ; umbilicus narrow, deep, exhibiting the volutions; aperture almost horizontal, abruptly and deeply descending, peristome thin, widely reflected throughout its circumference, pinched at the junction of the carina, margins closely approaching,

BY C. HEDLEY. 87

connected by a transparent callus. Diam. maj. 29, min. 24, alt. 10 mm.

The Macleay Museum contains four dead shells of this species, which appear to resemble G. 2^elechy stoma, Tapp.-Can., purchased from Mr. Goldie, who collected them in British New Guinea.

39. G. taylorianus, Adams and Reeve, 1851.

Syn. — yulensis, Brazier, 1876; strabo, Brazier, 1876; katau- ensis, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883 ; roseolabiatus, Smith, 1887.

IHusn__Voy. "Samarang," Zool. pi. 15; 2a, 2b; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, figs. 1, la, 2; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vii. pi. 96, No. 524, a, b; P.L.S.N.S.W. (2), n. pi. 21, figs. 5, 6 ; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 3, figs. 1, 2, 3.

jy esc rn-— "Samarang", Zool. p. 59 ; RL.S.N.S.W. (1), I. 106 ; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 123, 125; Journ. of Conch, vi. p. 76; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. 421, &c.

An at. — Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 6, figs. 1, 3; pi. 8, fig. 11.

Type in British Museum.

H a b. — Yule Island and Katow River (Brazier and D'Albertis) ; St. Joseph River (Hedley) ; Fly River (Froggatt) ; Maclachie Point, Krema district, foot of the Albert Range of mountains (Goldie).

An examination of a large series of shells in the possession of Mr. Brazier induces me to consider G. taylorianus as a most variable form. The following prominent varieties are linked each to each by intermediate graduations : —

(a) yulensis ; smaller than type, mottled with oblique irregular

black dashes, which by transmitted light appear as trans- lucent spaces. (Yule Island, J.B.)

(b) katauensis ; encircled by black spiral bands. (Maclachie

Point, Goldie.)

(c) strabo ; a monochrome form with no clear mottled spaces ;

approaches nearest to taylorianus. (Maclachie Point, Goldie.)

88 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

(d) roseolabiatus ; with a black band at the suture and the peri- phery. (Maclachie Point, Goldie.)

This form is confined to western British New Guinea and the eastern localities quoted by Smith ; South Cape and Dentre- casteaux Islands are to be discredited.

The history of the original specimen appears to have been lost. Since, before G. taylorianus was described, H.M.S. "Fly" was the only European vessel that visited the territory inhabited by this species, I conjecture that the type was procured in May, 1845, by Jukes or MacGillivray during her voyage to this coast.

40. G. tapparonei, E. A. Smith, 1883. (Plate xi., fig. 26.)

Syn. — hunsteini, Brazier, MSS.

Descr"-— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xi. 190; P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), ix. 805.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Not Dentrecasteaux Islands (Goldie fide Smith), but found by C. Hunstein fifty miles inland from Port Moresby, north of the Astrolabe Range, near the head of the Laloki Biver.

This and taylorianus approach the Australian G. macgillivrayi.

41. G. zeno, Brazier, 1876. (Plate xi., fig. 27.)

Descrn— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), i. 107, (1), ix. 805; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 154.

Type in Macleay Museum.

H a b. — Hall Sound (Brazier), between Rigo and Kappakappa (Hedley).

var. latiaxis, Smith, 1887.

Illus11-— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, fig. 7 ; Tryon, Man. Conch. (2), vi. pi. 17, fig. 16.

BY C. HEDLEY. 89

Descr11— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. 420 ; I.e. (5), xi. 191.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Foot of Astrolabe and Owen Stanley Range (Goldie).

42. G. diomedes, Brazier, 1878.

Ill us11— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 3, fig. 12.

Descr11- P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), n. 121; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. 122.

Type in Australian Museum.

H a b. — Not Brumer Island (Brazier), but Coutances Island * (Broadbent fide Brazier) ; and therefore not a member of the Louisiade fauna, as stated in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), vn. 135.

A dead shell, too worn to be described, but evidently new, and related to the two last species, was collected by Sir W. Macgregor daring his expedition to the Fly River in 1890.

43. |G. brumeriensis, Forbes, 1852.

(Plate xi., fig. 29.)

Illusn— Voy. "Rattlesnake," Appen. pi. 2, fig. 1, a, b ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vn. pi. 205, fig. 1448; Tryon, Man. (2), vi. pi. 12, figs. 41, 42, 43.

Descr11-— Voy. "Rattlesnake," n. p. 375; Mon. He]. Viv. in. p. 189 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. 419.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Brumer Island (Forbes); Millport Harbour, Amazon Bay (Goldie fide Brazier) ; Bently and Milne Bays, South Cape, Samarai, Loggia and Basilaki Islands (Hedley).

var. albolabriSj var. nov. Lip entirely white. Type in Queensland Museum. H a b. — Mita, Milne Bay. * Coutances Island is situated in 148° 10' E. long., 10° 15' S. lat.

90 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

G. brumeriensis inhabits heavy-limbed trees, preferring those with whitish bark, like Hibiscus tiliaceus and Artocarpits incisus. In its favourite perch, on the under side of the larger boughs, its resemblance to a knot renders it difficult to detect. Animal 60 mm. in total length. Shell placed posteriorly. Tentacles slender, tapering, 15 mm. long when fully expanded, bases four mm. apart. Tail flat, pointed. Tentacles jet black ; head and neck ornamented by narrow white longitudinal tubercles on a black ground ; foot everywhere bordered above by a narrow band of intense black, above which is an ill-defined zone of greyish white merging above into black ; sole of foot black at edges, whitish within ; mantle yellowish-white. Mucus unusually dense like that of the arboreal Limaces. Egg small, soft, white, oblong.

44. G. louisiadensis, Forbes, 1852.

Illus11, — Voy. "Rattlesnake," Appen. pi. 1, figs. 8a; b; Reeve, Conch. Icon. vn. pi. 205, fig. 1449.

Descrn- Yoy. "Rattlesnake," Appen. p. 376; Mon. Hel. Viv. in. p. 174.

T y p e in British Museum.

H a b. — Sudest Island, Louisiades (Forbes, Kowald and Belford).

45. G. MILLICENTiE, Cox, 1871.

Illus11-— P.Z.S. 1871, pi. 34, figs. 2-2a.

Descrn--L.c. p. 323 : I.e. 1873, p. 566.

Type in the Cox Collection.

H a b. — Louisiades (Cox).

This is intermediate between louisiadensis and rollsianits, and is probably entitled to rank as a distinct species. The exact island inhabited by it is still unknown.

46. G. rollsianus, E. A. Smith, 1887. Illusn— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, fig. 3. Descr11— L.c. (5). xix. 423.

BY C. HEDLEY. 91

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Not South Cape Island (Rolls), but Seymour Bay, Fergusson Island (Hedley). As Rolls and Goldie landed in Seymour Bay, I have no doubt that they collected the type exactly where I found the species several years afterwards. I make the above correction with the more confidence since I have searched South Cape in vain for it. It is interesting to note that both G. rollsianus and P. brazierve, which I also gathered at Seymour Bay, find their allies among the distant Louisiades and not with the molluscs of the nearer mainland.

Animal slender ; colour entirely white in one specimen, bluish- white in another ; tentacles long, slender, tapering, bases wide apart. Observed crawling upon the trunks of trees.

47. G. albocarinatus, E. A. Smith, 1887.

Iliusn— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, fig. 12.

Descr11-— L.c. p. 422 ; I.e. (6) vn. 137.

Type in British Museum.

H a b. — Woodlark Island (Dr. Rabe fide Brazier) ; another recorded but probably erroneous locality is South Cape Island (Goldie).

48. G. thomsoni, E. A. Smith, 1889.

Illus11-— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. pi. 13, figs. 12, 13.

Descr11-— L.c. (6), iv. 202.

Type in British Museum.

var. a.

H a b. — St. Aignan, Louisiades (Thomson. Kowald and Belford).

49. G. woodlarkianus, Souverbie, 1863. 1 1 1 u sn- — Journ. de Conch, xi. pi. 5, fig. 2. Descrn— L.c. pp. 76 and 172; Mon. Hel. Viv. v. p. 271 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), vn. 137. Type in Bordeaux Museum.

92 THE LAND MOLLUSC AN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

Hab. — Woodlark Island (French Missionaries, Kowald and Belford, Dr. Rabe fide Brazier) ; Normanby Island (Dr. Rabe), the latter a doubtful locality.

50. G. TROBRIANDENSIS, n.Sp.

(Plate xi., fig. 28.)

Shell imperforate, trochiform, thin, translucent, keeled at the periphery, keel becoming obsolete latterly ; colour white, encircled by seven chestnut bands, four above and three below the periphery, these bands are very variable, each or all may disappear or coa- lesce, when absent a translucent band marks the site, the bands fade away on the penultimate whorl, occasionally as in allied species opaque alternate with translucent dashes radiating from the suture, peristome from the insertion of the right margin to the centre of the base an intense black ; whorls 4J, convex, last con- tracted ; sculpture, obliquely finely striated and finely granulated ; apex obtuse, embryonic whorls distinct, 1 J ; suture impressed ; base slightly convex ; aperture oblique, scarcely descending, peri- stome expanded and reflected, right margin sinuate, columellar margin straight bearing above a small tubercle, margins connected by a thin, transparent, microscopically granulated callus. Diam. maj. 24, min. 18, alt. 16 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Trobriand Islands (Kowald and Belford); on trees ; abundant.

The local representative of the G. louisiadensis group.

51. G. taumantias, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883.

1 11 us11— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 3, figs. 13, 14.

Descr"- — L.c. p. 141.

Anat. — L.c. pi. 6, fig. 4, pi. 9, figs. 16, 18.

T y p e in Genoa Museum.

vars. alpha and beta.

BY C. HEDLEY. 93

Hab.— Katow River (D'Albertis) j Fly Eiver (D'Albertis, Froggatt, Macgregor).

var. cingulatus, var.nov.

Yellowish-white encircled by a single brown peripheral band margined beneath by an opaque white line. T y p e in Queensland Museum. Hab. — Village of Aipiana, St. Joseph Eiver (Hedley).

52. G. tomasinellianus, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. Illusn— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 4, fig. 1, pi. 5, fig. 1. Descr11-— L.c. p. 148. Anat.— L.c. p. 7, fig. 3, pi. 8, figs. 6, 12. Type in Genoa Museum, var. alpha.

Hab.— Fly Eiver (D'Albertis, Froggatt) ; 400 miles up the Fly (Macgregor) ; Katow Eiver (D'Albertis).

var. azonatus, var.nov. Bandless, entirely yellow. Type in Australian Museum. Hab. — Douglas River (Bevan).

53. G ridibundus, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. Illus11-— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 3, figs. 10, 11. Descr11- — L.c. p. 142. Anat. — L.c. pi. 6, fig. 5, pi. 8, fig. 17. T y p e in Genoa Museum. Hab.— Fly River (D'Albertis).

54. G. meditatus, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. Illus11- — Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 3, fig. 15. Descr11, — L.c. p. 144.

94 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

An at. — L.c. pi. 6, fig. 6. T y p e in Genoa Museum. Hab. — Katow River (D'Albertis).

55. G. gestroi, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. 1 1 1 u s11— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 4, fig. 3, pi. 5, fig. 3. Descrn— L.c. p. 150. Anat.-L.c. pi. 7, fig. 2, pi. 8, figs. 5, 14. Type in Genoa Museum, var. alpha. Hab.— Fly River (D'Albertis).

56. G. siculus, Brazier, 1876.

Descr11— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), I. 106; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 153.

Type in Macleay Museum.

H a b. — Katow River (Brazier).

Mr. Brazier informs me that this species resembles the Solomon Island shells ambrosia, Angas, and me?idana, Angas, the latter particularly in coloration.

57. G. braziers, Brazier, 1876. 1 1 1 u s11 — Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 4, fig. 2, pi. 5, fig. 2. Descrn— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), I. 107; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 152.

An at.— L.c. xix. pi. 7, fig. 1, pi. 8, figs. 7, 13.

T y p e in Macleay Museum.

Hab. — Yule Island (Brazier) ; St. Joseph, Doura (Hedley).

58. G. lacteolatus, E. A. Smith, 1887. Illus11-— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, fig. 9. Descrn— L.c. (5), xix. 420. Type in British Museum. Hab.— Foot of Owen Stanley Range (Goldie fide Brazier).

BY C. HEDLEY. 95

59. G. gurgusti, Cox, 1880.

I Hub*— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), iv. pi. 16, fig. 1 ; I.e. (2), n. pi. 21, figs. 3, 4.

Descr11— l.c. (1), iv. 114.

Type in Australian Museum.

Hab. — Rossel Island, Louisiades (Hovell).

60. G. chapmani, Cox, 1880.

Syn. — coraliolabris, Smith, 1887.

Illus*-- P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), iv. pi. 16, fig. 2 ; I.e. (2), n. pi. 21, figs. 10, 11 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix., pi. 15, fig. 4 ; Tryon, Man. (2), vi. pi. 17, fig. 13.

Descr11-— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), iv. 115; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xi. 419 ; I.e. (6), iv. 201.

Type in Australian Museum.

Hab. — Rossel Island, Louisiades (Hovell, Thomson).

61. G. canovari, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883.

Illus11— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 3, fig. 6. Descr11- — L.c. xix. p. 131. Type in Genoa Museum.

Hab. — Fly River (D'Albertis) ; Observation Point, Fly River (Froggatt).

62. G. boyeri, Fischer and Bernardi, 1857.

Illus11- — Journ. de Conch, v. pi. 9, figs. 8, 9.

Descr11-— L.c. v. p. 297 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), vn. 137 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. i v. p. 201.

Type in collection of Journ. de Conch.

H a b. — Not Admiralty Island (F. & B.), nor Louisiades (Angas fide Pfeiffer), but Woocllark Island (Dr. Rabe fide Brazier, Kowald and Bel ford).

96 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

63. fG. dampieri, Angas, 1869.

Illus11-— P.Z.S. 1869, pi. 2, figs. 6 ; 1885, pi. 36, fig. 5.

Descrn--L.c. 1869, p. 47 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. vn. p. 310.

Type (?).

H a b. — Louisiade Islands (Angas) 1.

No definite locality in the Louisiades is known for this shell, and since a variety is recorded from the Solomons by Smith (P.Z.S. 1885, p. 592), it is most probable that the type was derived from thence.

Recorded from the province in error.

G. (?) coniformis, Ferusac.

Jahrb. deutsche mal. Gesell. 1880, p. 15. Louisiade Archipelago (Kobelt, I.e.).

G. horderi, Sowerby.

P.Z.S. 1889, pi. 56, fig. 1, p. 577.

May belong to this province ; but the author neglects to say where or by whom it was collected.

64. COCHLOSTYLA PAPUENSIS, n.Sp.

(Plate xii., fig. 30.)

Shell globosely conical, imperforate, solid ; colour, the hydro- phanous epidermis when wet or oiled is of a rich chocolate colour ; when dry, a pale yellowish-brown crossed by numerous narrow spiral brown lines ; deprived of the epidermis the shell is a pale yellow, with a brown sub-sutural band, first two whorls purple- blue, interior of shell lustrous pale blue, peristome brown ; whorls 5J, convex, regularly increasing, last f ths of total length ; sculp- ture, entire shell finely obliquely striated and encircled by microscopic close regular raised lines ; apex obtuse, embryonic whorls 1 J ; suture impressed, margined ; aperture oblique, ovate lunate, peristome slightly reflected, a thin semi-transparent callus

BY C. HEDLEY. 97

extends over the axis and curves up to the insertion of the right margin. Alt. 55, breadth 38 mm.

The Macleay Museum possesses several examples of this species, purchased from Mr. Goldie, who collected them in British New- Guinea. Considerable difference in size and form exists between these specimens, none of which are in a good state of preservation. One old and worn shell exhibits on the inner side of the columella a tubercle 10 mm. long and 2 mm. wide. Whether this be a distinct species, the adult form, or merely a variety of the species described above, requires further material to decide.

65. Calycia isseliana, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883.

Ill us11- — Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 101, figs, b, c.

Desc r"" — L.c.

Type in Genoa Museum.

Hab.— Katow River (D'Albertis).

The systematic position of this mollusc is uncertain.

66. -j-Bulimus macleayi, Brazier, 1876.

S y n. — beddomei, Brazier, MSS. Illus11-— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 2, figs. 16, 17. Descr"-— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), i. 108; l.c. (1), iv. 395 ; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 104 ; Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, v. p. 50. Type in Macleay Museum. H a b. — Yule Island (Brazier, D'Albertis).

This species ranges south to North Queensland and west to Port Darwin.

67. Partula similaris, Hartman, 1886.

Illusu— Proc. Acad. N.S. Phil. 1886, pi. 2, fig. 1.

Descr11-— L.c. p. 30.

Type.-(?)

Hab. — Woodlark Island (Brazier).

7

OS THE LAND MOLLUSCAH FAUNA or BRITISH NF.w GUINEA,

58, T. woopi.akiuana, Hartman, 1886.

Illus"-— Proc Acad, N.s. tdiil. 188(6, pi. 2, fig. 8,

Desor11— L.C, p. 33.

Typo-v\

Bab. — WootHark Islam! (Brazier).

After examining the figures and descriptions of those two species, l am enable to graep any specific distinction between them. Specimens collected at the Woodlarks by Messrs. Kowald ami Belford during the cruise of the " Merrie England " in 1890 are referable to both or either forms.

09. P. OCCIDENTALIS, n.sp.

(Plate xii., tig. 31.)

Shell dextral, ovate elongate, thin ami translucent ; colour (t) ;

whorls 5, rounded, last a little tlat toned below the suture ; sculp- ture everywhere encircled by close sharply impressed spiral lines. which are decussated by oblique irregular lines of growth, at the intersection the former are sometimes distorted by the latter ; spire slender, elongate, a quarter of total length ; apex dome- shaped, half of first whorl embryonic ; suture impressed ; umbilicus small, deep, compressed] aperture roundly ovate, scarcely oblique, lip moderately reflected and expanded, margins of the peristome connected by a thick callus. Length 19, breadth 10. length of aperture 9, breadth (> mm. ; length 17, breadth 10, length of aperture 9, breadth 7 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — On the ground under bushes upon Samarai Island 1 collected two dead shells of this species.

The two Partulw described by Lesson have, as Tapparone remarks, a doubtful claim to Papuan soil, and, omitting these, the above species is the first described from New Guinea proper.

70. tSn-.NooYKA SUBULA, Pfeitt'er, 1839. S y u. — jiouwi, Gould. 1846] tuckrri, Pfr. 1846] octonc D'Orb, 1^11 ;j . Adams, 1846 ; . Oox, 1864 ; upolensis,

BY C. HEDLEY. 99

Mousson, 1865 ; panayensis, Pfeiffer, 1846 ; diaphana, Gassies, 1859 ; souverbiana, Gassies, 1863 ; artensis, Gassies, 1866 ; novemgyrata, Mousson, 1870 ; gyrata, Mousson, 1885.

II lusn— Conch. Icon. pi. 68, sp 481, pi. 14, No. 76; Mon. Austr. L. Shells, pi. 13, fig. 9 ; Gould, Expl. Exped. Shells, fig. 87 Phil. Is. Land Moll. ill. pi. 8, figs. 14, 15 ; Martens, Ostas. Zool. ii. pi. 22, fig. 8 ; Faune Nouv. Caled. pt. 1, pi. 2, fig. 5 ; Journ. de Conch. 1863, pi. xiv. fig. 6; &c, &c.

D e s c rn— Wiegm. Arch. i. 352; Moll. Cub. i. 177; P.Z.S. 1846, p. 30, 1887, p. 185 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. n. p. 158 ; Mon. Austr. L. Shells, p. 69 ; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. n. p. 35, 191 ; Journ. de Conch. 1859, p. 370 ; Faune Nouv. Caled. pt. 1, p. 52 ; &c, &c.

Anat— Reis. Phil. Land Moll. ill. pi. XL figs. 17, 21.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — St. Joseph River, Port Moresby, Samarai, and Milne Bay (Hedley).

It is remarkable that this common and ubiquitous mollusc has not been previously recorded from the New Guinea mainland.

71. Tornatellina terestris, Brazier, 1876.

Descr"- P.L.8.N.S.W. (1), I. 109; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 102.

Type in Macleay Museum.

H a b. — Yule Island (Brazier).

72. fPuPA pedicula, Shuttle-worth, 1852.

Syn. — artensis, Montronzier, 1859; nitens, Pease, 1860; nacca, Gould, 1862 ; hyalina, Zelebor, 1868; macdonnelli, Brazier, 1875; recondita, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883 ; samoensis, Schmeltz, MSS.

Illus11, — Journ. de Conch, vn. pi. 8, fig. 4; Faune Nouv. Caled. pt. 1, pi. 6, fig. 21; P.Z.S. 1874, pi. 83, figs. 22, 23; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 2, figs. 3, 4.

100 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

Descr11— Bern. Mittheil. 1852, p. 296; Mon. Hel. Viv. ill. p. 557, VI. pp. 329, 330, 335 ; Journ. de Conch, vn. p. 288 ; Faune Nouv. Caled. pt. 1, p. 54 ; P.Z.S. 1860, p. 439, 1874, p. 669, 1887, p. 188 ; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vm. p. 280 j Otia Conch, p. 237 ; Quart. Journ. of Conch. 1877, p. 5; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 106.

Type-(?).

H a b. — Mita, Milne Bay, Samarai and Loggia Islands (Hedley).

73. fSucciNEA simplex, Pfeiffer, 1854. (Plate xii., fig. 32.)

Descr11-— P.Z.S. 1854, p. 123, 1885, p. 595 ; Mon. Hel. Viv. iv. p. 813.

Type in British Museum.

A species of Succinea occurs in abundance upon the stems of taro leaves in the hill gardens above Mita village, Milne Bay, speci- mens of which answer fairly well to the description Pfeiffer gives of S. simplex. Being unable to compare my specimens with a figure or authentic named examples, I refer them to the Solomon Island species with some hesitation.

74. jTruncatella valida, Pfeiffer, 1846.

Syn. — vitiana, Gould, 1847; vitiacea, Mousson, 1865; con- spicua, Bronn.

Ill us11-— Kuster, Conch. Cab. ed. 2, pi. 2, fig. 7, 8, 19, 20, 21, 23 ; Cox, Mon. Austr. L. Shells, pi. 20, figs. 21, 21a, 21b.

Descr11— Zeitschr. Malak. 1846, p. 182; Mon. Auric. I. p. 184; Conch. Cab. p. 11 ; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, n. p. 208; P.Z.S. 1887, p. 299; &c. &c.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Port Moresby, Milne Bay, Samarai (Hedley).

75. fT. ceylanica. Pfeiffer, 1856. Syn. — teres. Pfr. 1856; semicostata, Montrouzier, 1862; cerea, Gassies ; nitida, Gassies.

BY C. HEDLEY. 101

Illus11 — Mon. Austr. L. Shells, pi. 15, figs. 9, 9a, 9b; Journ. de Conch. 1862, pi. 9, fig. 10; Faune Nouv. Caled. pi. 8, fig. 2.

Descr11— P.Z.S. 1856, p. 336; 1887,300; Mon. Auric. I. pp. 186, 188; Mon. Austr. L. Shells, p. 92; Journ. de Conch. 1862, p. 243 ; Faune Nouv. Caled. p. 73 ; &c, &c.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Port Moresby (Heclley).

The Truncatellre are characteristic of an assemblage of forms which may be termed the land littoral fauna, other members being Stenogyra tuckeri, Pujm pedicula, Pythia scarabwus, and perhaps, Conulus starkei, and C. russelli. This littoral fauna always inhabits, but is not invariably confined to, the neighbour- hood of the sea beaches. The smallest islands which possess any life at all are usually stocked by these forms, which appear to range from Ceylon in the west to the Sandwich Islands in the east, and to be limited north and south by the tropics. Within these bounds they are associated with many widely different fauna?.

76. Omphalotropis brazieri, n.sp. (Plate xil, fig. 33.)

Shell acutely ovate ; colour corneous; whorls. 5, convex, gradu- ally increasing ; sculpture, regular oblique striae, last whorl encircled at the periphery by a strong keel ; suture impressed ; spire conical, a quarter of total length, apex acute ; base flattened ; umbilicus small, angled at the margin ; aperture oblique, sub- circular, angled above, peristome double, callus on body whorl thin. Operculum not observed. Length 5, breadth 3 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — South shore of Milne Bay and Basilaki Island (Hedley) ; one example collected at each locality.

77. 0. protracta, n.sp.

(Plate xii., fig. 34.) Shell elevated conical, thin, turreted, glossy ; colour dark corneous; whorls 6, gradually increasing, rounded, rather flattened

102 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

beneath the suture, la.st angled at the periphery ; sculpture faint oblique striae ; suture impressed ; spire produced, one-third of total length ; base rounded ; umbilicus ample, funnel-shaped, angled at the margin ; aperture vertical, subcircular, angled above, peristome slightly thickened and scarcely reflected, callus on the body whorl thin. Operculum not observed. Length 3^ breadth 2 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

H a b. — Mission Hill, Upper St. Joseph River (Hedley) ; two examples under fallen timber in dense jungle.

78. Bellardiella minor, n.sp. (Plate xii., fig. 35.)

Shell imperforate, oblong ; colour ^ ; whorls 6, penultimate and antepenultimate bulging above the suture, last rather flattened on the periphery and more so on the base ; spire inclined to the right, Ipss than half of total length ; apex acute, first two whorls devoid of sculpture appearing embryonic ; sculpture, close oblique, sharp, thread-like riblets ; suture impressed ; aperture circular, peristome thick, expanded and briefly reflected, body-whorl overlaid with a thick callus, upper canal obsolete, lower one converted into a closed circum-umbilical tube, whose orifice is, when adult, quite outside the peristome, when immature the tube communicates with the adjacent whorl by a narrow slit, whose position is later marked by a scar. Length 14, breadth 9, diam. of aperture 4 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Mission Hill, near the village of Ngauauni, upon the upper waters of the St. Joseph ; I found several dead specimens in a banana garden.

The arrangement of the lateral canal resembles that of Puirinella minor and P. macgregori.

79. Pupinella macgregori, E. A. Smith, 1889. Illus11-— Ann. Mag Nat. Hist. (6), iv. pi. 13, fig. 1, 2. Descrn--L.c. (6), iv. 205.

BY C. HEDLEY. 103

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Rossel Island, Louisiacles (Thomson, Kowalcl and Belford).

Tlie Louisiade Pupinellse appear to fall into three natural groups : (a) comprising P. macgregori and P. minor, in which the lateral canal is produced into a tube around the umbilical region ; (b) containing P. grandis, P. angasi, P. smithi, P. moulinsiana, and P. rosseliana, in which the canal merely notches the columellar margin, the five in the order named being a graduated series whose notch is completely cut, half cut, and scarcely indented ; they form an easy transition to (c) P. brazierce, in which the notch is absent.

80. P. minor, E. A. Smith, 1889.

Illus11— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. pi. 13, figs. 7, 8.

Descru--L.c, (6), iv. 205.

T y p e in British Museum.

H a b. — Rossel Island (Thomson, Kowald and Belford).

The single specimen, the second known to science, collected by the latter is in a good state of preservation. The colour is a dark red ; the sculpture differs remarkably from that of its allies, their coarse malleations being entirely absent, instead are developed close, raised, oblique, sinuate hair lines. The lip and callus are, under the lens, delicately granulated.

81. P. grandis, Forbes, 1852.

8 y n.— forbesi, Pfeiffer, 1852.

1 1 1 u sn- — Voy. "Rattlesnake," Append, pi. 2, figs. 10, a, b, c, d ; Pfeiffer, Conch. Cab. ed. 2, pi. 31,. figs. 19, 20; Conch. Icon. Pupinidse, fig. 4.

Desc rn — Voy. " Rattlesnake," n. p. 380 ; Mon. Pneu. Viv. I. p. 140.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Sudest Island (Forbes, Kowald and Belford).

104 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

82. P. angasi, Brazier, 1875. Syn. — louisiadensis, Smith, 1889.

Illusu— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. pi. 13, figs. 3, 4. Descr11— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), i. 5; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 204, and (6), vn. 135. Type in British Museum. Hab. — Rossel Island (Thomson).

83. P. smithi, Brazier, 1891.

Syn. — angasi, H. Adams, 1875; grandis var. minor, Cox, 1873.

Illus11-— P.Z.S. 1875, pi. 45, figs. 2, 2a.

Descr11-— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), vn. 136 ; P.Z.S. 1873, p. 567 ; I.e. 1875, p. 389 ; Mon. Pneu. Viv. suppl. 3, p. 412.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Louisiade Archipelago (Adams, &c).

The volume containing Adams' diagnosis of angasi, No. 2, bears the date October 1st, 1875, whereas Brazier's description of angasi, No. 1, appeared in the first twenty pages of these Proceedings, which were printed separately and published May, 1875, giving the Australian naturalist the priority of publi- cation by four months. Until the present year, all authors who have written upon Papuan conchology appear to have overlooked Brazier's account.

84. P. moulinsiana, Fischer and Bernadi, 1857.

S y n. — intermedia, Angas, MSS. ; leucostoma, Montrouzier, 1857.

Illus11- — Journ. de Conch, v. pi. 9, figs. 6, 7 ; Thes. Conch, in. pi. 265, fig. 36.

Descr11, — Journ. de Conch, v. 299; xix. 183; Essai sur la Faune de Woodlark, 136 ; Mon. Pneu. Viv. n. 93 ; P.Z.S. 1871, 586.

BY C. HEDLEY. 105

Type in collection of the Journ. de Conch. Hab. — Woodlark Island (Montrouzier).

85. P. rosseliana, E. A. Smith, 1889.

Ill us11— Ann Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. pi. 13, figs. 5, 6, 6a.

Descr11- L.c. (6), iv. 205.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Rossel Island (Thomson, Kowald and Belford).

86. P. braziers, E. A. Smith, 1887. Syn. — typica, Brazier, MSS.

Ill us11-— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, fig. 15. Descr11— L.c. (5), xix. 424, and (6), vn. 136. Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Seymour Bay, Fergusson Island (Goldie, Hedley) ; Cape Pierson, Normanby Island (Dr. Rabe^cfe Brazier). Found alive on the ground, under logs of wood.

var. aignanensis, var.no v.

Larger and more widely umbilicated than the type. Length 28 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — St. Aignan, Louisiades (Kowald and Belford); one dead specimen.

87. P. ckossei, Brazier, 1877.

Ill us11— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 10, figs. 18, 19. Descr11— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), i. HI; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. 267.

Type in Macleay Museum. H a b. — Yule Island (Brazier).

I am indebted to Mr. John Brazier, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., for the following description : —

106 THF. LAND H0LLU9CAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINFA.

vv •• r rAPPARONSi, Brasier, n.sp.

Hate xi i.. tig. 56.)

Shell shortly rimato. oblong-o\ ate, rather solid, regularly and obliquely tinely striate, light brown ; spire gradually tapering towards the rather pointed apex] whorls o. four upper convex, the fifth slightly flattened on the side of the mouth, the last much narrower; aperture vertical, circular; peristome whitish, thieke .aded and reflected, with two channels : one very

small, narrow, and deep at the insertion of the light margin, the second shallow and surroundbd with thick callus between the arcuate body-margin and the 'eft or eolumellar. Length of largest specimen JL8, breadth S ; length of smallest specimen 14, breadth 7 mm.

••Type in Australian Museum,

•• llab. — Fly River. British New Guinea (Froggatt).

•• Pwo specimens — one living, the other dead — of this very rare species were collected by Mr. \V. \Y. Froggatt when he went in the Geographical Society > Expedition of 1885" to the Fly River.

•• Some dead and worn specimens of this St - . .es « ere found vS g I.. M. O'Albortis on the Fly River ; they are men-

tioned by Dr, Q L'apparone-Canetri in his valuable paper on the • Fauna tfalaoologioa Delia Nuova Guinea,' l>Sc. p. 268. I take great pleasure in naming the species after my Valued friend and correspondent, Dr. C Bapparoni Canefri."

Sib PUPINA OVAUS, n.sp.

(Plate xii.. tig. 37.^

Shell ovate-oblong, smooth and extremely glossy ; colour reddish-horn; whorls ' . - g shortly ovate,

total length ; apex obtuse ; suture margined by a callus, faintly impressed ; aperture subvertical, circa

deep and narrow, parietal lamella a stout rib curving from one canal to the other, columella tlat, widely dilated, deeply notched

BY C. HEDLEY. 107

by the lateral canal, peristome thickened slightly and reflected. Length 8, breadth 6 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Mita, Milne Bay (Hedley) ; six specimens, under logs in dense jungle on hillsides; rare.

90. P. gibba, n.sp.

(Plate xii., fig. 38.)

Shell minute, oblong, smooth and extremely glossy ; colour pale corneous ; whorls 5, last convex, rather flattened below the suture, penultimate gibbose, tumid ; spire J of total length ; apex obtuse ; suture margined by a callus, impressed ; aperture sub- vertical, circular, anterior canal distinct, lateral, a narrow cleft across the peristome developing outside the lip, a circular orifice, parietal lamella obscure, peristome slightly thickened and reflected. Length 4; breadth 2 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Mission Hill, Ngauauni, Upper St. Joseph River (Hedley) ; four specimens under logs in jungle upon the hillside.

91. DlPLOMMATINA SYMMETRICA, n.sp.

(Plate xii., fig. 39.)

Shell dextral, rimate, elongate, ovate, turreted, thin, trans- lucent; colour reddish-corneous; whorls 7, rounded, increasing regularly as far as the antepenultimate, which equals its successor in breadth ; sculpture, closely obliquely ribbed by thin white erect lamellse, not continuous, projecting at the shoulder, minutely spirally striated between the ribs ; suture deeply impressed ; apex obtuse; aperture subvertical, circular, columellar margin straight, bearing a moderate-sized internal tubercle, peristome double, greatly expanded round its entire margin, forming a broad callus upon the penultimate whorl. Alt. 3-^, breadth ljmm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

108 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

tflOhVUD

rv»M.wi. Hab — Basilaki (formerly called Moresby) Island (Hedley) ; found abundantly upon decaying leaves of Pandanus upon a steep hill side.

92, Cyclotropis papuensis, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. Hlusn._Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 10, figs. 22, 23. Desc rn— L.c. xix. p. 279. Type in Genoa Museum. Hab.— Fly River (D'Albertis).

93. Cyclotus poirieri, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. 1 1 1 u sn— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 10, figs. 6, 7. Descrn— L.c. xix. 254. Type in Genoa Museum. Hab.— Fly River (D'Albertis).

94. C. tristis, Tapparone-Canefri, 1883. Illusn— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 10, figs. 4, 5. Descrn- — L.c. xix. 255. Type in Genoa Museum. H a b.— Fly River (D'Albertis, Froggatt).

95. C. horridus, n.sp. (Plate xii. bis, fig. 40.)

Shell depressed, turbinate, widely and perspectively umbilicated; colour fulvous ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, rounded, last des- cending at the aperture ; suture deeply impressed ; apex acute ; sculpture, numerous close regular fine spiral lyrae, crossed by longi- tudinal lines of small stiff epidermal bristles ; aperture scarcely oblique, rounded, subangled above, peristome continuous, thickened, straight. Operculum externally concave, white, calcareous, sub- circular, 5-whorled, whorls margined within by a deep furrow. Diam. maj. 9, min. 7, alt. 7 mm.

T y p e in Queensland Museum.

BY C. HEDLEY. 109

H a b. — Milne Bay, Mita and South shore (Hedley) ; twelve dead and immature specimens, in jungle under logs. The best preserved but immature specimen which furnished the figure had not attained the adult peristome.

96. C. kowaldi, n.sp. (Plate xii. bis, fig. 41.)

Shell turbinate, openly umbilicated ; colour fulvous, faintly radiately painted with dark brown ; whorls 5^, rounded, obscurely bicarinate ; suture channelled ; apex mammillate ; sculpture, the body whorl is encircled by about 15 lyrse, two of which, one at and one above the periphery, attain more prominence developing into keels, within the umbilical funnel the lyrse are closer, smaller and more numerous, the lyrse are decussated by costse at the junction of which an epidermal bristle is generally developed ; peristome in the individual observed thin and therefore probably juvenile. Operculum not received. Diam. maj. 9, min. 7, alt. 6 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Sudest Island, Louisiades (Kowald and Belford) ; one specimen.

97. C. belfordi, n.sp.

(Plate xn. bis, fig. 42.)

Shell trochiform, narrowly umbilicated ; colour fulvous-brown ; whorls 4 J (juv. ?), acutely carinated ; suture channelled ; apex mammillate ; sculpture, spiral lyrse decussating radiate costse, the acute carina of the periphery bearing a single row of long bristles, peristome sharp (juvenile ?). Operculum wanting. Diam. maj. 4J, min. 4, alt. 4 j- mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Mita, Milne Bay (Hedley) ; two specimens.

I describe these Cycloti from imperfect material with some hesitation ; none have been before recorded from this neighbour- hood, and I trust that their marked characteristics will enable

110 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

subsequent observers to recognise them. The two latter species are named after Messrs. Charles Kowald and George Belford whose collections have been so frequently referred to in preceding pages.

98. f Leptopoma vitreum, Lesson, 1830.

Syn. — hiteurn, Quoy and Gaimard, 1832; nitidum, Sowerby, 1843.

Illus"-— Yoy. "Coquille," Moll. pi. 13, figs. 6, 6vj Yoy. « Astrolabe," Moll. pi. 12, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14; Sow. Thes. Conch. I. pi. 29, figs. 225, 226, 227 ; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pi. 183, fig. 2 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xn. pi. 3, fig. 15a, b, pi. 6, fig. 32; Chem. Conch. Cab. ed. 2, pi. 16, figs. 10, 16, 17, 18 ; Adams, Gen. Moll, pi. 85, figs. 7, 7a, 7b , Chenu, Man. Conch, figs. 3602, 3603 ; Cox, Aust. L. Shells, pi. 16, figs. 2, 2a, 3; Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch, ii. pi. 76, figs. 3, 4.

Descr11-— Yoy. " Coquille," Zool. n. 346; Yoy. "Astrolabe," Zool. ii. 180 ; P.Z.S. 1843, p. 60 ; Lamk. An. s. Yert. 2 ed. vm. 367 ; Mon. Pneu. Yiv. I. 101 ; Cox, Mon. Aust. L. Shells, p. 98, &c, &c.

Ana t. — Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 9, figs. 7, 8.

Type in Jardin des Plantes Museum.

Hab. — Yule (D'Albertis), South Cape (Smithurst), Fergusson (Hedley), Woodlark, Trobriand, and Sudest Islands (Kowald and Belford).

99. L. gianelli, Tapparone-Canefri, 1887.

Illusn — Ann. Mus. Gen. xxiv. pi. 2, figs. 10, 11.

Descr11-— L.c. xxiv. 183.

Type in Genoa Museum.

var. alpha, T.-C.

Hab.— Fly River (D'Albertis, Froggatt).

BY C. HEDLEY. Ill

100. L. parvum, n.sp.

(Plate xn. bis, fig. 43.)

Shell small, narrowly perforate, globosely turbinate, thin, translucent ; colour light corneous, apex pink ; whorls 5, rounded ; sculpture, upon the body whorl, 15 minute raised spiral lines, 10 above the periphery and 5 below, which latter are confined to the outer half of the base, penultimate whorls encircled by 10 such lines, everywhere microscopically obliquely striated ; apex acute ; suture impressed ; aperture subcircular, peristome almost continuous, slightly expanded and reflected, operculum not observed. Length 6, breadth 5 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Milne Bay (Hedley) ; one dead specimen.

I overlooked this species until my return to Australia, when I discovered a solitary shell in a bottle filled and closed in Milne Bay. I was in the habit of daily purchasing by the handful shells, beetles, and other small fry from the natives, and I con- elude that I received this shell unnoticed among other things.

Recorded from the province in error.

L. venustulum, Tapp.-Can. Vide Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. 263, and xxiv. 185.

101. Helicina coxeni, Brazier, 1876.

Illus"-— Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. pi. 9, figs. 12, 13 j p. 275, fig. g.

Descrn— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), i. Ill; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 274.

Type in Macleay Museum.

H a b. — Yule Island (Brazier, D'Albertis) ; Pvigo, Port Moresby and Maiva (Hedley).

112 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

102. H. dentoni, Pilsbry, 1890. Descr"-- Proc. Acad. Philad, 1890, p. 186. Type in Phil. Acad. Museum. Hab. — British New Guinea (Denton).

103. H. solitaria, E. A. Smith, 1887. Illus11 — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, fig. 10. D e s c r11 — L.c. (5), xix. 425. Type in British Museum. H a b. — Foot of Astrolabe Range (Goldie) ?

104. H. fischeriana, Montrouzier, 1863.

Syn. — novo-guineensis, Smith, 1887 ; congener, Smith, 1889.

Illusn- — Journ. de Conch, xi. pi. 5, fig. 3; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. pi. 15, figs. 11, 11a; l.c. (6), iv. pi. 13, fig. 17.

D e s c rn-— Journ. de Conch, xi. 76, 171; Mon. Pneu. Viv. in. 241 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. 425 ; l.c. (6), iv. 203.

Type in Bordeaux Museum.

H a b. — Woodlark Island (Montrouzier, Kowald and Belford) ; St. Aignan (Thomson) ; Rossel (Kowald and Belford) ; foot of Owen Stanley Range (Smith).

A large series collected by Messrs. Kowald and Belford at the

original locality, and an examination of duplicates of Smith's

types in the possession of Mr. Brazier, form the material upon

which the above synonomy is based. The locality of Owen

Stanley seems to me more than doubtful ; the species is probably

confined to the eastern archipelagos. The radiate painting is

rarely absent, and with the coarser lyrse serves to define this

variable form from its equally variable kin inhabiting the same

islands.

105. H. stanleyi, Forbes, 1852.

Illus11, — Voy. "Rattlesnake," Append, pi. 3, figs. 4a, b. Descrn— L.c. 381 : Mon. Pneu. Viv. i. 401.

BY C. HEDLEY. 113

Type in British Museum.

Hal). — Duchateau Islets, Louisiade Archipelago (Forbes). 106. H. insularum, n.sp. (Plate xn. bis, fig. 44.)

Shell depressedly trochiform, sharply keeled ; colour light yellow, usually unicolorous, occasionally with a spiral chestnut band above the periphery, occupying the central third of the space between the keel and the suture, more rarely the band broadens till the keel and a sutural thread alone remain yellow ; whorls 4 h, flattened ; suture linear ; apex acute ; sculpture, 9 spiral lyrse above the periphery and 20 below it crossed by close incremental striae ; basal callus well defined, malleated, centre of base smooth ; aperture subvertical, lunate, within the basal margin containing a thread-like rib which retreats to the columella, peristome everywhere expanded. Diam. maj. 14, min 11, alt. 10 mm.

Type in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Suclest Island, Louisiades (Kowald and Belford); abundant.

var. sinus, var.no v.

(Plate xn. bis, fig. 45.) Much smaller than type, six lyrse above, sixteen below the periphery. Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 5 mm.

Hab. — Village of Mita, Milne Bay, and village of Polatona, Bently Bay (Hedley) ; abundant, found crawling upon shrubs and trees.

var. muruensis, var.nov.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 8, alt. 6 mm.

Hab. — Murua or Woodlark Island (Kowald and Belford); abundant.

var. trobriandensis, var.nov.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 8 mm.

Hab. — Trobriand Islands (Kowald and Belford); eight specimens.

V

114 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA,

var. rosselensis, var.nov.

Whorls more convex, colour rose with apex and callus yellow. Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 7 mm.

H a b. — Rossel Island (Kowald and Belford) ; abundant.

This species is evidently a dominant form, and may be expected under one of its aspects from any island in the Louisiades and neighbouring archipelagos.

Var. sinus is almost entitled to specific rank ; it makes a distinct advance towards II. stanleyi, and in another direction var. ?'ossel- ensis approaches H. woodlarkensis.

107. H. woodlarkensis, E. A. Smith, 1891. (Plate xii. bis, fig. 46.)

Descr"— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist (6), VII. 138.

Type in British Museum.

H a b. — Woodlark Island (Dr. Rabe fide Brazier, Kowald and Belford).

On the visit of the " Merrie England" in 1890, Messrs. Kowald and Belford collected 35 specimens, which are coloured white, yellow, purple-brown or rose, never banded, apical whorls invariably a bright lemon yellow.

My figure is drawn from a specimen of the parcel sent to Smith, kindly lent by Mr. Brazier.

108. H. louisiadensis, Eorbes, 1852.

II lus11- — Voy. " Rattlesnake," Append, pi. 3, figs. 5a, b ; Sow. Thes. Conch, iv. pi. 275, figs. 349, 350 ; Conch. Icon. xix. pi. 29, figs. 257a, b.

Descr11-— Voy. "Rattlesnake," n. p. 382; Mon. Pneu. Viv. i. p. 385.

Type in British Museum.

Hab. — Round Island, Coral Haven, Louisiades (Forbes); Milne Bay and Basil aki Island (Hedley).

The mainland examples are rather larger and more depressed than the shells described by Forbes.

BY C. HEDLEY. 115

109. H. maino, Brazier, 1876. (Plate xii. Us, fig. 47.)

Descr11— P.L.S.N.S.W. (1), i. 112; Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. 276, xxiv. p. 188.

Type in Macleay Museum.

Hab. — Village of Mowatta, Katow River (Brazier).

Drawn from the type by the kind permission of Mr. Masters, Curator, Macleay Museum.

" Maino " signifies " peace " in the local dialect.

110. H. MULTICORONATA, ll.sp.

(Plate xii. bis, fig. 48.)

Shell minute, globosely conical ; colour dull yellow ; whorls 4^-, rounded, slightly turretecl ; sculpture, upon the last whorl a fine thread-like keel at the periphery, the space between that and the suture divided by three similar keels, the earlier whorls exhibit only the three upper keels, each keel bears minute, erect, epidermal bristles, which give the shell a somewhat coronated appearance under the lens ; base rounded, faintly concentrically and longi- tudinally striated; callus smooth, semi-transparent; aperture vertical, semi-lunate, red within, lip slightly expanded. Diam. maj. 4, min. 3 J, alt. 4 mm.

T y p e in Queensland Museum.

Hab. — Village of Mita, Milne Bay (Hedley) ; one specimen.

Doubtful. — H. leucostoma, Tapparone-Canefri (Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. p. 277, fig. h), may belong to this province, but the locality is not defined by the author.

(Anatomical Supplement to follow.)

Figs.	1, 2.
Figs.	3,4.
Fig.	5.
Fit?.	6.
Fig.	7.
Fig.	8.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate ix. — Oxytes hercules, Hedley. — 0. Jlyensis, Hedley. — Conulus starkei, Brazier. Magnified. — C. maino, Brazier. Magnified. — Microcystina sapjyho, Brazier. Magnified. — M. calcarata, Hedley. Magnified.

Fig.	9.
Fig.	10.
Fig.	11.
Fig.	12.
Fig.	13.
Fig.	14.
Figs.	15, 16.

116 THE LAND MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF BRITISH NEW GUINEA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES (continued).

Plate x.

— M. calcarata, Hedley. Magnified.

— Thalassia annul a, Brazier.

— Ochthephila albertisi, Brazier.

— Charopa texta, Hedley. Magnified.

— Helicarion visi, Hedley.

— H. musgravei, Hedley.

— Rhytida globosa, Hedley. Figs. 17, 18, 19. — Cristigibba macgregori, Hedley. Fig. 20. — Geotrochus oxystoma, Smith.

Plate xi.

— Geotrochus oxystoma, Smith.

— G. bevani, Brazier.

— G. elisus, Hedley.

— G. tapparonei, Smith,

— G. zeno, Brazier.

— G. trobriandensis, Hedley.

— G. brumeriensis, Forbes.

Plate xii.

— Cochlostyla papuensis, Hedley.

— Partula occidentalis, Hedley.

— Succinea simplex, PfeifFer.

— Omphalotropis brazieri, Hedley. Magnified.

— 0. protracta, Hedley. Magnified.

— Bellardiella minor, Hedley. Magnified.

— Pnpinella tapparonei, Brazier. Magnified.

— Pupina ovalis, Hedley. Magnified.

— P. gibba, Hedley. Magnified.

— Diplommatina symmetrica, Hedley. Magnified.

Plate xii. bis.

— Cyclotus horridus, Hedley. Magnified.

— C. howaldi, Hedley. Magnified.

— C. belfordi, Hedley. Magnified.

— Leptopoma parvum, Hedley. Magnified.

— Helicina insidarum, Hedley.

— ,, ,, var. sinus. Magnified.

— H. woodlarkensis, Smith. Magnified.

— H. maino, Brazier. Magnified.

— H. multicoronata, Hedley. Magnified.

Fig.	21.
Figs,	22, 23.
Figs.	, 24, 25.
Fig.	26.
Fig.	27.
Fig.	28.
Fig.	29.
Fig.	30.
Fig.	31.
Fig.	32.
Fig.	33.
Fig.	34.
Fig.	35.
Fig.	36.
Fig.	37.
Fig.	38.
Fig.	39.
Fig.	40.
Fig.	41.
Fig.	42.
Fig.	43.
Fig.	44.
Fig.	45.
Fig.	46.
Fig.	47.
Fig.	48.

117

ON THE TRAIL OF AN EXTINCT BIRD.

By C. W. De Vis, M.A., Corr. Mem.

The function of the wing in birds is in kind almost uniform, though, in exercise it varies greatly. It is therefore probable that any variation observable in the form or relative dimensions of a constituent bone of the wing (the ulna, for example) has been brought about solely by the habitudes of the bird, or those of its ancestors, in the use of the power of flight. The extent of the variation so produced will be comparatively limited : inconspicuous, indeed, by the side of the results of diverse adaptation acting on the corresponding segment of the mammalian fore-limb. We are thus prepared to find the ulna maintaining in birds a general sameness of character. If we compare it with the humerus its uniformity is but accentuated: and naturally so since its surface is less subjected to the moulding agency of muscular origin and insertion than is that of the proximal segment of the lever, the recipient of the muscles moving the whole, and the purveyor of others which give motion to the distal segments. These con- siderations may serve to account for the fact that the differentia- tions of the ulna have been found too insignificant to be discussed by comparative osteology ; and undoubtedly the bone is not that part of the bird's skeleton which throws most light on its general economy, yet it may be that it is not altogether impossible to find in the fossil ulna of a bird some guidance to the systematic place which should be assigned to the organization of which it formed a part. In the following attempt to do so the characters which have appeared to be available are the proportions of the bone discovered in its relative length and thickness, its curvature, the number, size and disposition of the tubercles corresponding to the secondary remiges, the shape of the shaft at its distal end, and the conforma- tion of the articulating surfaces and parts adjacent to them.

118 ON THE TRAIL OF AN EXTINCT BIRD,

Proportions : The ulna being in correlation with the rest of the wing bones, and, in conjunction with them, determining to some extent the shape of the complete organ, and this again being in relation with the volant activity of the bird, we might expect to be able to recognise a correspondence between the proportion of the bone and the bird's habits of flight ; and in certain groups, as the petrels, swifts, and eagles, whose livelihood depends on continuous exertion of wing-power, we find that such a relation does exist. In the soaring birds there is a notable slenderness of the ulna, accompanying an elongation and narrowness of the wing, which we may conceive to be necessary to sustained buoyancy upon and rapid evolution in moving air ; and had adaptation persisted in being the sole factor in the formation of the wing the task of placing an unknown bird amongst its kindred, as determined by their powers of flight, would have been compara- tively easy. But it is clear that teleology may be at fault. A similar tenuity of the ulna is found in birds whose flight is not habitually sustained, though on occasion it may be long and rapid — for example, in storks, swans, and pelicans; nay even in others, as the giant kingfisher, whose wings serve only for short and laboured flight. Looking round for a solution of the difficulty, and seeing the prevalence of long necks in the birds last mentioned, we are for a moment tempted to abandon adaptation as a cause and