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IONIAN ANTIOUITIES,

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ae & MF SS FY ON

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T. HH SS: b I X

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ETT EC TANTI

BY

R CHANDLER, M.A. F.S. A. NO RUE Y E T 4, Archite& i W. PAR S, Painter.

—————————————————————————

LONDON,

PRINTED BY T. SPILSBURY AND W. HASKELL, MDCCLXIX.

THE KING

Leis sS5SPECIMEN

IONIAN ANTIQVITIES

IS MOST HVMBLY INSCRIBED

ΤΕ ΝΕ PTAUEPN T L

My E..M2$8) Bie Rees

TOU. dw SO, t IT T »* MDCCLKXIxX.

IN THE ORDER OF THEIR SENIORITY.

Lord le Defpencer. Sir James Gray. Lord Hyde.

Mr. Boone.

Major General Gray. Mr. Howe.

Mr. Fauquier.

Earl of Befsborough. Earl of Sandwich. Rt. Hon. Mr. Ellis. Duke of Bedford. Mr. Boyle.

Mr. Dingley.

Mr. Stuart.

Mr. Revett.

Earl of Charlemont. Lord Stopford.

Sir Thomas Robinfon. Sir Edward Dering. Mr. Phelps.

Hon. Mr. Robinfon. Mr. Wood.

Mr. Mackye Rofs. Mr. Dundas.

Colonel Carleton. Marquis of Mounthermor. Mr. Crowle.

Earl of Clanbraffil. Mr. Pennant.

Mr. Brand.

Mr. Crewe.

Hon. Lieut. Col. St. John. Duke of Roxborough. Earl of Bellamont. Duke of Marlborough. Earl Spencer.

Vifcount Palmerfton. Mr. Southwell.

Hon. Lieut. Col. Nugent. Mr. Scrafton.

Earl of Upper Offory. Mr. Weddel.

Mr. Reynolds. Vifcount Fortrofe. Duke of Buccleugh. Mr. Fitzgerald.

Earl of Carlifle.

Sir Sampfon Gideon. Earl Fitzwilliam.

Hon. Mr. Charles Fox. Hon. Mr. Hobart.

Mr. Mytton.

Lord Sydney.

Mr. Gregory.

Oo. ΠῊΓ READER,

N the Variety of literary Productions which are ufhered into the World by a I Preface to the Reader, there is no Species to which that Kind of Introdu@ion feems more neceffary than to that which, confifting rather of Matters of Fa4 than Opinion, derives its Merit more from the Writer’s "Veracity than from his Talents for Compofition. A Work of Genius fpeaks for itfelf ; in fuch Cafe Apo- logy is idle, and Juftification fuperfluous ; but the Traveller who commences Author on the humbler Pretenfions of a plain and faithful Relation of what he has feen, whofe Candor and Accuracy are more at ftake than his Tafte or Judgment, cannot more effectually recommend himfelf to public Favour than by a fair Account of the Opportunities he had of being informed, the Means by which he acquired his Know- ledge, and the Manner in which he collected his Facts. The Reader of real Curiofity will expect fome Explanation of this Kind, in order to judge what Credit this Work may deferve ; and the following fhort Narrative is intended to fatisfy fo reafonable

an Expectation.

In the Year 1734, fome Gentlemen who had travelled in Italy, defirous of encouraging, at home, a Tafte for thofe Objects which had contributed fo much to their Entertainment 22road, formed themfelves into a Society, under the Name of the DZL ETTAN I, and agreed upon fuch Regulations as they thought neceffary to keep up the Spirit of their Scheme.

b As

ii ΤΟ TH EY ΕΝ AGREE

As this Narrative profeffes the ftri&teft Regard to Truth, it would be difinge- nuous to infinuate, that.a ferious Plan for the Promotion of Arts was the only Motive for forming this Society : Friendly and Social Intercourfe was, undoubtedly,

the firft great Obj

more religioufly to their original Inftitution, it is hoped this Work will fhow that the o / o 2

Ὕ

ς

have not, for that Reafon, abandoned the Caufe of Virtü, in which they D 7 D 1 )

e alfo

engaged, or forfe ns to that Character which is implied in the

Name they have affumed.

Upon a Report of the State of the Society's Finances in the Year 1764, it appeared that they were poffefled of a confiderable Sum above what their current Services required. Various Schemes were propofed for applying part of this Money to fome Purpofe which might promote Tafte, and do Honour to the Society ; and after fome Confideration it was refolved, ** That a Perfon or Perfons properly qualified fhould be * fent, with fufficient Appointments, to certain Parts of the Eaft, to colle& Infor- * mations relative to the former State of thofe Countries, and particularly to di procure exact Defcriptions of the Ruins of fuch Monuments of Antiquity as are

“* yet to be feen in thofe Parts.”

Three Perfons were elected for this Undertaking. Mr. CHANDLER, of Magdalen College, Oxford, Editor of the Marmora Oxonienfia, was appointed to execute the Claflical part of the Plan. The Province of Architecture was afligned to Mr. Revert, who had already given a fatisfactory Specimen of his Accuracy and Diligence, in his Meafures of the Remains of Antiquity at Athens. The Choice of a proper Perfon for taking Views, and copying Bafs Reliefs, fell upon Mr. Pans, a young Painter of promifing Talents. A Committee was appointed to fix their Salaries, and draw up their Inftructions ; in which, at the fame time that the different Objects of their refpective Departments were diftin@ly pointed out, they were all ftri&lly enjoined

to keep a regular Journal, and hold a conftant Correfpondence with the Society.

They embarked, on the ninth of June, 1764, in the Anglicana, Captain STEWART, bound for Conftantinople, and were put on fhore at the Dardanelles on the twenty fifth of Auguít. Having vifited the. Sigéan Promontory, the Ruins of Troas, with the Iflands of Tenedos and Scio, they arrived at Smyrna on the eleventh of September. From that City, as their Head-Quarters, they made feveral Excurfions. On the twen- tieth of Auguft, 1765, they failed from Smyrna, and arrived at Athens on the thirty firft of the fame Month, touching at Sunium and JEginain their way. They ftaid at

Athens

tin view; but while, in this refpe&t, no Set of Men ever kept up.

oe ΠΗ READ ER. πὶ

Athens till the eleventh of June, 1766, vifiting Marathon, Eleufis, Salamis, Megara, and other Places in the Neighbourhood. Leaving Athens, they proceeded, by the little Ifland of Calauria, to Troezene, Epidaurus, Argos, and Corinth. From this they vifited Delphi, Patre, Elis, and Zante, whence they failed, on the thirty firft of Auguft, in the Diligence Brig, Captain Lone, bound for Briftol, and arrived in

England the fecond of November following.

'The Materials which they brought home were thought not unworthy of the Pub- lic: The Society therefore directed them to give a Specimen of their Labours out of what they had found moft worthy of Obfervation in Ionia; a Country in many refpects curious, and perhaps, after Attica, the moft deferving the Attention of a Claflical Tra- veller. Athens, it is true, having had the good Fortune to poffefs more original Genius than ever was collected in fo narrow a Compafs at one Period, reaped the Fruits of lite- rary Competition in a degree that never fell to the lot of any other People, and has been generally allowed to fix the Aira which has done moft Honour to Science, and to take the lead among the antient Greek Republics in matters of Tafte: However, itis much to be doubted, whether, upona fair Enquiry into the Rife and Progrefs of Letters and Arts, they do not, upon the whole, owe as much to Ionia, and the adjoining Coaft, as to any Country of Antiquity. The Kzow/edge of Nature was firít taught in the Ionic School: And as Geometry, Aftronomy, and other Branches of the Mathematics, were cultivated here fooner than in other Parts of Greece, it is not extraordinary that the firft Greek Navigators, who paffed the Pillars of Hercules, and extended their Commerce to the Ocean, fhould have been Ionians. Here Fii/fory had its Birth, and here it acquired a confiderable degree of Perfe&ion. The firft Writer, who reduced the Knowledge of Medicine, or the Means of preferving Health, to an 4rt, was of this Neigh- bourhood : And here the Father of Poetry produced a Standard for Compofi- tion, which no Age or Country have dared to depart from, or have been able to furpafs. But 4rchitecfure belongs more particularly to this Country than to any other ; and of the three Greek Orders it feems juftly entitled to the Honour of having invented the two firft, though one of them only bears its Name ; for though the Temple of Juno at Argos fuggefted the general Idea of what was after called the Doric, its Proportions were firft eftablifhed here. As to the other Arts which alfo depend upon Defigz, they have flourifhed no where more than in Ionia; nor has any Spot of the fame Extent produced more Painters and Sculptors of

diftinguifhed Talents.

c Among

π OT HESZB EADEM

Among the Remains of Antiquity which have hitherto efcaped the Injuries of Time, there are none in which our Curiofity is more interefted than the Ruins of thofe Buildings which were diffinguifhed by Vuirruvius, and other antient Writers, for their Elegance and Magnificence. Such are the Temple of BAccnus at T'eos, the Country of AwacnEoN; the Temple dedicated to MINERVA, at Priene, by ArrxaNDER of Macedon; and the famous Temple of Arorro Dipymaus, near Miletus. However mutilated and decayed thefe Buildings now are, yet furely every Fragment is valuable, which preferves, in fome degree, the

Ideas of Symmetry and Proportion which prevailed at that happy Period of 'Tafte.

Thus far the Society have thought proper, both in Juftice to the Public, and to the Authors of the following Work, to give a {hort Account of the original Occa- fion of the Undertaking, and of the Manner in which it has been hitherto conducted. They have directed the Plates of this Specimen to be engraved at their Expence, in hopes that it may encourage the Editors to proceed upon the remaining Materials

of their Voyage, which will be put into their Hands with that View.

The Head-Piece prefixed to this Preface reprefents a Bafs tutelary Care of fome Deity. ‘The Reprefentation of that Relief at Sigéum, on a fine Piece of white Marble, which feems Ufage feems to be the Subje& of this Sculpture. to have been a Pedeftal. It is placed as a Seat on one fide of the Door of the Greek Church, which has the famous Sigéan The Tail-Piece is taken from a Bafs Relief over a Door Infcription placed for the fame purpofe, on the other. It was near the Bazar at Scio. The Subje& feems to be the Death of cuftomary among the Greeks to confign their Infants to the ^ Szwzrr.

τι ες τς τωρ TUER I. The Temple of BACCHUS at Tos.

MONG the many Volumes which have perifhed by time and accident, or been purpofely A deftroyed, the Lover of rational. Archite&ure will particularly regret the invaluable Treatifes

on that noble art once extant, written by Mafters equally eminent for Genius and Science, and laudably intent on fhowing how both were united in the ftru&utes they had raifed ; by demon- ftrating the Principles on which they proceeded; marking the propriety of the Difpofition, the Proportion, and Ornaments, they had invented or adopted; and explaining the harmony and

fymmetry of their Defign : tranfmitting, with the Fabric, its Hiftory to future ages.

The memory of feveral of thefe antient Worthies is preferved to us by Virruvius, (2) who diftinguifhes, in this meritorious number, the great Architeéts of the two magnificent Temples at "Tros and Prienz. If their Differtations yet remained, with what pleafure would the curious Artift compare, correét, and fupply this Work! As it is, he muft contemplate with concern thefe rich fragments, as all that can be faved from the general wreck; and, while he admires and improves, may ftill rejoice that the Authors are not become mere names, like many in

the Catalogue, but at leaft furvive thus far. Tros

(4) Poftea Silenus de fymmetriis Doricorum edidit volumen. quod eft Pryenz, Ionicum, Phileos.---Hermogenes de ede Dianz De zde Junonis, quz eft Sami, Dorica, Theodorus; Ionica Ephefi, lonica, qua eft Magnefize pfeudo-dipteros, et Liberi patris Teo quz cf Dianz, Ctefiphon et Metagenes. De fano Minervz, monopteros (fed legend. Dipterds). VirRuv, Pref. Lib, vii.

2 THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS.

Tzos (4) was feated on the fouth fide of the Ifthmus of a fmall Peninfula, which terminates

on the weft, in a low fharp point.

It had two Ports, one adjoining to, the other behind the City, and diftant thirty /adia, being

nearly the width of the Ifthmus.

Of the latter, which was called Grrastrcus, the Ifthmus, -and adjacent Country, Plate I. is a

View, engraved from a Drawing generoufly beftowed on this Work by Mr. Woop.

At the bottom of the Bay is Szcicrck, a large, fquare, ordinary Fortrefs, erected, as we were informed, by the Genocfe. It has a few Brafs Cannon toward the Sea, and an inconfiderable

G:

rifon. The Minarets, with the Domes of the Mofques and public Baths, give an air of grandeur to this, and to the Turkifh Towns in general, at a diftance ; rendering their internal poverty and meannefs the more ftriking, as it raifes the expectation above the narrow Lanes and mud-built

Cottages, which ufually occur when you enter.

Beyond Srercecx appears, but faintly, Szvrimtssar, a large ftrageling Town, in a cultivated Traé&, one hour diftant The Greeks, of whom only a few Families live intermixed with

the Turks at Szcrcecx, are there more numerous.

"Tros is not feen, being intercepted by a rifing of the Ifthmus ; but the Defcription we have given will lead to its Site, which is on the Slope againft Szarczck, and fronting the oppofite Sea. It is now called Boprun, is uninhabited, and the Port choked up; fo that the Veflels and Small Craft, employed in carrying on the flight Commerce of thefe placer frequent Grrz-

sTIcUs alone.

And here the claffical reader will perhaps recolle&, that a Roman Admiral (c) with a powerfull Fleet was once in imminent danger of being furprifed by the Enemy in this Port. The relation

given by the Hiftorian Livy is too minutely connected with the View not to be inferted.

In the war between Awrrocuus and the Romans, L. Zmurus Rzoinius the Praetor, who commanded with cighty Ships in thefe Seas, fuddenly fteered for Tzos, on intelligence the City had fupplied the Royal Fleet with provifions; and morcover promifed to furnifh, for its ufe, five thoufand veflels of wine. He ranged his Ships in this Port, (7) behind the Town, and difem- barked his Troops with orders to lay wafte the territory about the City.

The

(ὦ) Καὶ ἡ Tras δὲ ἐπὶ Χεῤῥονησῳ ἱδρυῦῖαι, λιμένα ἐχυσα.---Ἐσῖ, de ἀλλος λιμὴν ὁ προσβορος, ἀπο Ἱριακοίῖα σἼαδιων Ins πολεως, Χεῤῥαιῖϑαν" εἶα Χαλκιδεις, ὁ Ins Χεῤῥονησα ἰσϑμος Ing Τηΐων καὶ Ἐρυϑραιων. STRAB. Ρ. 644. A. flac

three fourths.

m was fix hundred feet. Thirty make three miles and

(c) ‘Ann. U.C. 560.

(4) In portu, qui a tergo urbis eft (Gerafticum ipfi appellant) navibus conftitutis, Prztor ad depopulandum circa urbem agrum milites emifit. — C. 27.

Teii, quum in oculis populatio effet, oratores cum infulis et velamentis ad Romanum miferunt.------ Polyxenidas, cum regia claffe a Colophone profeétus---adverfus Myonnefum in infula (Macria nautici vocant) anchoras portu occulto jecit. Inde ex propinquo explorans quid hoftes agerent, primo in magna fpe fuit quem- admodum Rhodiam claffem ad Samum circumfeffis ad exitum faucibus portus expugnaffet, fic et Romanam expugnaturum : nec eft diffimilis natura loci; promontoriis coeuntibus inter fe ita clauditur portus, ut vix dua fimul inde naves pofünt exire. Nocte "occupare fauces Polyxenidas in animo habebat, et denis

navibus ad promontoria ftantibus, quz ab utroque cornu in latera

exeuntium

THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. 3

The Teians, beholding the ravages thus begun, fent forth Orators with the facred Fillets and Veils, as fuppliants, to the Praetor; but he refufed to recall the Party, unlefs the Citizens would afford to the Romans the fame aid, they had fo readily beftowed on the Enemy. ‘The

Orators returned, and the Magiftrates aflembled the People to confult.

In the mean time, Poryxentpas, Admiral of the Royal Fleet, had failed from Cororuow with eighty-nine Ships, and being informed of thefe motions of the Praetor, and that he occupied this Port, conceived great hopes of attacking the Roman Fleet now, in the fame manner he lately did the Rhodian at Samos, where he befet the mouth of the Port Panormus, in which it lay ; this refembling that fpot, the promontories approaching each other, and forming an entrance fo narrow that two Ships could fcarcely país through together. His defign was to feize on this Strait (which is feen in the View) by night, and fecure it with ten Ships, to attack the Adverfary on either fide in coming out; and by fetting an armed Force afhore from the remaining Fleet, to overpower him at once by Sea and Land.

This Plan, the Hiftorian remarks, would have fucceeded ; but, the Teians complying with his demand, the Praetor put round into the Port before the City, which was deemed more commodious for fhipping the Stores. Eupamus too, who commanded the Squadron from Ruopzs, was faid to have pointed out the peril of their Station; two Ships entangling and breaking their Oars in the Strait. The Pretor had alfo a farther reafon for bringing his Fleet round, being infecure from the Continent, as Anriocuus had a Camp in the neighbourhood. On gaining the Port, both Soldiers and Sailors, quitting their Vefíels, were bufied in dividing the Wine

and Provifions, when a Peafant informed the Pretor that Po:

(ENIDAs approached (e. The fignal was inftantly founded for reimbarking immediately. Tumult and Confufion followed, each Ship haftening out of Port, as foon as manned. The whole Fleet proceeded in order of Battle

to meet the Enemy; anda general Engagement enfued, in which the Romans proved vi&orious.

But to rcturn.

confecrated their City and Territory ; and, before the preceding tranfa&ion, (f) had folicited the

Roman and other States to diftinguifh both, by decreeing them Sacred and an Afylum. Several of the Anfwers then given ftill remain fairly cut on pieces of grey Marble, but disjoined ; fome of the fragments being found in the Bagnio at Szcicscx, fome inferted in the Wall, and one over a Fountain without the South Gate; fome alfo in the Burying-grounds round about Sevrimissar. ΑἹ] thefe are publifhed by CuisHurL, from Copies taken by Conful Suznanp

Cc in

exeuntium navium pugnarent; et coetera claffe, ficut ad Panor- Jam totis claffibus fimul ab omni parte pugna conferta erat. mum fecerat, armatis in littore expofitis, terra marique fimul Ab Romanisoctoginta naves pugnabant, ex quibus Rhodiz dua hoftes opprimere. Quod non vanum ei confilium fuiffet, ni quum — et viginti erant. Hoftium claffis undenonaginta navium fuit, et Teii fa&uros imperata promififfent, ad accipiendos commeatus maxima forme naves, tres hexeres habebat, duas hepteres, Luv. aptius vifum effet Romanis in eum portum qui ante urbem eft, xxxviii. C. 30.

claffem tranfire. Dicitur et Eudamus Rhodius vitium alterius

portus oftendiffe, quum forte duz naves in ar&o oftio implicitos (e) Liv. C. 29.

remos fregiffent. Et inter alia id quoque movit Pratorem, ut

traduceret claffem, quod ab terra periculum erat, haud procul inde (f The Roman Decree was made Ann, U. C. 559. Ante Antiocho ftativa habente. C. 28. Ch. 193. CursuunL. Antiquitat. Afatice.

4 T.HOE: CDIESM ΡΟΣ ΕΣ ἸΘΕ ΒΟΛ ΣΟ ΒΘ.

/ in 1709, and again examined in 1716. And the learned Editor has prefixed to thefe literary Monuments of the Teians, a delineation of their important Idol; to which the Reader, curious

in that article, is referred.

This fpot being therefore the peculiar pofleffion of Dionysius, the Dionyfiac Artificers, who were very numerous in Asta, (9) and fo called from their patron, the reputed inventor of

Theatrical reprefentation, when incorporated by command of the Kings of PznGAwus, (4) fettled

here, in the City of their tutelary God; fupplying from it Ioxi4, and the Country beyond as far as the HzrrrsrowT, with the Scenic apparatus by contract; until, a fedition arifing, they fled.

This Society (ἢ) is marked as prone to tumult, and without faith.

From all thefe circumftances, it ght reafonably be prefumed, that the Teians-did not fail to

provide a "Temple worthy to receive fo iluftrious an inhabitant as this profitable God, and that his Shrine was moft richly adorned. The firft, indeed, is fufficiently evinced by the prefent, though inconfiderable Remain, confifting of a confufed heap of proftrate Marble, now too con- tinually diminifhing;. the Turks taking from it the Grave-ftones, which it is their cuftom

to place at the head and feet of their deceafed ; feveral pieces lying, when we examined it,

chipped out and ready to be fo applied. The whole Mafs is fo enveloped by Bufhes and Fig-

Trees, it was neceflary to fuppofe fome removed, in order to. furnifh the little View, which is

e of this ΟἹ

the Head-

It is plain from the many Furnaces, of which veft

s are feen in and about the heap, that a great confumption of the materials has been formerly made by calcination. In thefe the ornamental and other members of the Fabric have been melted down indifcriminately and without

regret. But one broken Pedeftal has efcaped, with an Infcription (4) fignifying it fupported the

Statue of Craupia TrypHana, High Prieftefs of: the Goddefs Αβια, and Prief

God Dionysius; an authentic, though mutilated record of its antient decoration.

BOBO YN HIA

E TOERXMIT Ἐὰν ΦΆΤ ΝΟ ΑΝ A ΣΙ Σ Κ AIIEPEA TO CASESO > OREO. m Δ ἢ ΘΟ T RPA o HS ἘΠ 2 DEPT OBNRE.T Kiel a> Awe AZIAZ ANAS TAS A A NUA PI AUN -T A Raga IPEDS ΝΥ ΝΟΥ T WENOY

(4) Καὶ τῷ Διονυσῳ τὴν Aciz) ὅλην καϑιερωσαίῖες μέχρι τῆς Ινδικης--- (ὦ) CursnuLL. p. 107, 138.

5ΤΆΑΒ, p. 471. (ἢ Srras. p. 643. CuisH, p. 139.

(ἢ) This

THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. 5

At what period the Temple was erected cannot perhaps be exactly afcertained, but it probably rofe nearly about the fame Ara with the two following; for as all the "Temples in this Tract were deftroyed by Xerxes, except at E»nzsus, (/) it is likely, in that age of devotion, the refpective Cities did not negle& to rebuild, as fpeedily as poflible, fuch at leaft as belonged to their tutelary Deities; and that all were finifhed with eager difpatch, but fooner one than

another in proportion to the greatnefs of the work, and the opulence of its Proprietors.

The Archite& was Hermocenes, who, with Tarcuesius and Pyrueus, afferted the Doric Order was improper for Sacred Edifices. The obje&ions to it are ftated by Virruvius, who remarks that Hermocrenes was fo convinced, he changed his Plan after the Marble was ready; and

with the materials prepared for conftru&ing a Doric Pile, ere&ed this Ionic Temple (m).

He.is recorded alfo as the Author of a Treatife on the Ionic Temple of Diana at Macyesta, a Pfeudodipteros; and of one on this, which was an Oétaftyle, and is cited by Virruvius as an example of the Euftyle,(z) Rome not affording one. He adds, it was Hzrmocrnes who fettled the Proportions he delivers, and who firft invented the Odctaftyle or Pfeudodipteros, taking away the interior range of Columns from the Dipteros, and thus diminifhing both the labour and expenfe; giving ample room for walking round the Cell without debafing the Afpe&; pre- ferving in his diftribution, the dignity of the entire Work without its fuperfluities ; the Pteroma, and difpofition of Columns about the Cell, having been contrived that the Afpe& might have majefty from the breaks of the Intercolumniation. And, moreover, the fpace thus acquired was convenient for the accommodation of the multitude, if occafionally intercepted and made to tarry

by fudden and violent fhowers. Virruvius infers, that Hermocenes had effected this in his

D Works (k) This Infcription may be thus fupplied and tranflated. (2) Ἑξης εσῖ, ro μαδειον τὰ Διϑυμέως Ἀπολλωνος τὸ εν Βραγχιδαις--- H Bean καὶ [o Δημος] svempnodn δ᾽ ὑπο Ξερξε, καϑαπερ καὶ τὰ ἀλλα ipa πλὴν τὰ ἐν EQero, STRAB. © δειμ[ησαν} P. 634.

KA, Τρυφαιναν ἀρχιερεα Ασίας καὶ sepec [τὰ της} (m) Nonnulli antiqui Archite&i negaverunt Dorico genere zdes ones Oc Διζονυσα] facras oportere fieri, quod mendofe et inconvenientes in his fym- Suyalepa Φησειζνης] metria conficiebantur.---Itaque negavit Tarchefius, item Pitheus, Στραϊονεικης ap[ repens] non minus Hermogenes. Nam is, cum paratam habuiffet mar- Actas’ ανασϊησανῖος moris copiam in Dorice zedis perfectionem, commutavit, et ex αγαϑιας tutus] eadem copia eam Ionicam Libero patri fecit. Vrravv. L. iv. c. 3.

Πεισωνινε τῶν Y [madixav] ** The Senate and People have honoured Cr. Trypnana, (2) Hujus exemplar Rome nullum habemus, fed in Afia

** High-Prieftefs of Αβια, and Prieftefs of the City-God Drowvsrus, —o&aftylon Liberi patris. Eas autem fymmetrias conftituit Her- “ the Daughter of Pursive Srratontce, High-Prieftefs of Asta; — mogenes, qui etiam primus oétaftylum pfeudodipterive rationem

** Pisoninus, one of Confular dignity, having ere&ed the Statue — invenit. Ex dipteri enim zdis fymmetria fuftulit interiores ordines

** from a regard to her. merit." columnarum xxxviii. [/cribit Phila h

Line 3. and 7. Apyiegews Ασίας occurs in one of Mr. Woop's operisque compendia fecit. Is in medio ambul

d. xxxiv. funt enim exteriores

in unive

xli. Dipteros babet tvi] eaque one fumptus

ni |

mentum

imminuit, fed fine

Infcriptions. The feminine Αρχϑερειη would have been preferred egregie circa cellam fecit, de afpeétuque nihi in both lines, did not the fourth feem to juftify, if not require defiderio fupervacuorum confervavit autoritatem totius operis diftri- the other, which is commonly mafculine. In an Infcription near — butione. Pteromatis enim ratio et columnarum circum adem

Myviasa we find Τρῷ

zi adn; cleDavnDopu καὶ difpofitio ideo eft inventa, ut afpe&us propter afperitatem inter-

at ELzusis, TepoQailny τῆς ve

ς KA. Φιλοξεναν : and in F

columniorum haberet autoritatem. rea fi et imbrium aqua

Jum νεωχορος, vis occupaverit et intercluferit hominum multitudinem, ut habeat L.6. Inan Athenian Infcription we meet with © in zde circaque cellam. cum laxamento liberam moram. Hic L. 10. In one of Mr. Woop's Infcriptions we have, Tapa autem ita explicantur in Pfeudodipteris adium difpofitionibus :

Tralie ἐχγονον, πολλὼν Συνκληϊικων καὶ Ὑπαικων ". quare videtur acuta magnaque folertia effectus operum Hermogenes

In Pocockz, Inscr. p. 38. and p. 20; is another fragment from ^ feciffe, reliquiffeque fontes unde pofteri poffent haurire difcipli-

this Temple, but fo badly copied as to be unintelligible, narum rationes, VrrRvv. L. iii. c. 2.

6 5 THE TEMPLE OUR BACCHUS.

Works with great fagacity and fkill, leaving to Pofterity fources, from which it might deduce

the reafons of his improvements.

From fuch an Eulogium on its Archite&, this Temple may juftly arrogate an additional importance ; being refpe&able, as the fole, though imperfect Monument of fo eminent a Mafter; and ufeful,

both as an evidence and illuftration of his doétrines.

Dr Lag aes I.

View of SEGIGECK, and the Peninfula of TEOS.

POI CAUSE II. An Elevation of the Front of the Temple of BACCHU S.

S a defcription of the parts of any building, unaccompanied with a difplay of their Effe& when united, conveys only imperfe& ideas of its beauty; the curious Reader will, it is hoped, derive fome pleafure and fatisfa&ion from feeing this Temple reftored. The liberties neceffarily taken for this purpofe, with the authorities on which they are founded, fhall be laid before him,

that neither the fidelity of the Author may be fufpected, nor his judgement implicitly relied on.

The diforder, in which this ruin lies, is fo great, that no fragment of a Column, or portion of the Cell, is found unmoved from its original place. No veftige of the Plan could be dif- coveréd, much lefs could the Afpe& or Species of the "Temple be determined, from its prefent ftate. But thefe two articles are fupplied from Virruvius, who, in defcribing the Euftylos, gives this Temple as an example, calling it an Oétaftylos, (2) by which he means the Dipteros,

{pecified by the number of Columns in the Front.

The Steps alfo are miffing: but, as all the Temples we examined had three, (except that of

Tuzseus at ArHzws, which, from its defignation, as may be conjectured, to an inferior Deity,

has (v) Reddenda nunc eft Euftyli ratio.-—Frons loci, que in ade Dipteros autem oétaftylos, et pronao et poftico, fed circa edem conftituta fuerit, fi tetraftylos facienda fuerit, dividatur in partes — duplices habet ordines columnarum. L. iii. c. x. undecim femis prater crepidines et proje&turas fpirarum. Si fex Eas autem fymmetrias conftituit Hermogenes, qui etiam primus erit columnarum, in partes decim ἃς octo. Si octaftylos coníti- — octaítylon pfeudodipterive rationem invenit. C. 2. tuetur, dividatur in xxiv. et femiffem. Item ex his partibus, Danie, Barsaro, in his Comment on the Euftylos, is alfo of

five tetraftyli, five hexaftyli, five o¢taftyli, una pars fumatur, eaque opinion, that Virruvius regulates there, the fix forms of the b y y i 5 8

erit modulus, cujus moduli unius erit craffitudo columnarum. Intercolumnia fingula prater mediana, modulorum duorum et moduli quartz partis mediana in fronte et poftico, fingula terno- rum modulorum. Ipfarum columnarum altitudo erit modulorum o&o et dimidiz moduli partis. Ita ex ea divifione intercolumnia, altitudinesque columnarum habebunt juftam rationem. — Hujus exemplar Roma nullum habemus, fed in Afia Teo o&aftylon

Liberi patris. LL. iii, c.2.

Afpe& of Temples mentioned in the preceding Chapter, by the number of Columns in Front, omitting the Temple in Anris as having no Portico; and, in his Comment on the above paflage, confirms what he before advanced.

Da quefto luogo fi comprende, che Vitruvio ha regolati gli afpetti, fe bene eglinon gli ha nominati, perche chiaramente egli per oétaftylo ha intefo il Dipteros, et il Pfeudodipteros, dicendo

di Hermogene queíte parole. Il quale anche fu il primo a ritrovar

la ragione del Tempio di otto colonne overo Pfeudodipteros,

LEE] ΕΜ PINE “ΟΕ IBA CCHU’'S. 7

has only two) the general uniformity will, it is prefumed, juftify the giving three to this. It does not appear that the Romans, when they furrounded their Temples with Steps, obferved any particular number, as the Greeks did; or that thefe laft raifed their Temples on Bafements, as was the practice of the former People, no examples occurring in the parts of Grezce and Asra

Minor vifited by us.

The Plinth of the Bafe is formed into the uppermoft Step, and this determines the height of the Steps in general; for, as the height of the Bafe, including the Plinth, is the femi-diameter of the Aftragal under the Apophyges of the Column, it feems more than probable the Plinth was a part of the uppermoft Step, efpecially as feveral bafes may be inftanced, in which the Plinths are omitted; as in the Temples of Erecruets, of Minerva Porras, and the Temple ES the Intssus, at Athens; of Vzsra, and of Concorp, at Rome; of VzsrA at 'ivoii; and of Aucustus at Pora in Isrria; together with thofe defcribed in the following Chapters: although Bafes with Plinths may be found, exceeding in height the femi-diameter of the Column, as in a Temple at Ernzsus, and another at lacktr near Mvrasa; (f) but thofe examples are taken from the Corin- thian Order. As to the breadth of the Steps, the height of the uppermoft is divided into two parts, of which three are given to the breadth. Of this proportion are the Steps before the five

Gates of the Propylea, and thofe round the Temple on the Ixrssus at Aruens.

The Diameter of the lower part of, the Columns, according to the meafurement, was found to be three feet three inches and fix tenths; which is lefs than the diameter of the Aftragal under

the Capitals by eight tenths, and exceeds that of the upper part of the Shaft only by one inch and eight tenths. From this fmall diminution, to wit, only one inch and eight tenths, it is evident, the upper part of the Shaft belonged to a Column of greater dimenfions than

the lower, and, probably, to one of the external Range of the Dipteros; as the latter, to one

of the internal, or the Front either of the Pronaos or Pofticum, in which the diameter was lefs than in the external Range, as will be proved in the Explanation of Fig. I. in the fol- lowing Plate. And upon this fuppofition three feet four inches and four tenths are taken for the diameter of the Columns, being that of the Aftragal, in the upper part of the Shaft before mentioned, as approaching nearer than the actual meafurement to the diameter of the external

Columns of the Dipteros.

The fragments remaining of the angular Capitals, of which the angular Volutes fronted both ways, were too much defaced to admit of meafurement, but afforded fufficient authority for intro- ducing them here. Like thefe are thofe of the Temple of EazcrHEUus, of Mrnerva Porras in the AcmoroLrs, and of that on the Iuissus at ATHENs; of MawLvy Fortune at Rome ; and of that which is the fubje& of the following Chapter.

The height given to the Frize, of which no part could be found, is, including’ its Cymatium, the mean proportion between the Architrave and Cornice, which makes the height of the Enta- blature without the Sima, two diameters of the Columns, and with it, one ‘fourth of the altitude of the Columns including the Steps.

E But,

(2) This Temple is two hours and a half diftant, to the northward, from Myzasa, now called Mezasso, a City in the Province of Caria.

8 TTE E ae M Pa ESO ΘΟ...

But, in regard to the height of the Frize, it will be proper to mention here, that the fepa-

tation is made between the Frize and Cornice, under the Dentils, and not at the bottom of the Cymatium, as by Parrapro, PeRRAULT, and others; for the Cymatium according to Virruvius, is as much a part of the Frize, as the Cymatium of the Architrave is of the Architrave (7). And, from not confidering it as fuch, PrRmauLT has erred in his example of the Vitruvian Ionic, in making the Frize too high, by the height of its Cymatium. If it be objected, that the mean proportion between the Architrave and Cornice given, .as above, to the height of the Frize, makes the Entablature too high, as this will exceed the fourth of the Column; it may be anfwered, that the Temple on the Iurssus at Arnzws, of the fame Order as this, and with Columns nearly of the fame proportions, has in like manner, for the height of the Entablature without the Sima, two diameters of the Column.

And here it may be noted, that Virruvius, treating of.Porticoes behind the Scene of

the Theatre, remarks, that the proportions of the Orders in works of that kind, fhould be

more light and delicate than in Sacred Buildings, in which a certain maflive gravity fhould be obferved, in order to give the greater dignity. (r). The PamrueNoN in the Acmorori at Aruens is a wonderfull example of this rule; for fuch is the grandeur and majefty of its ap- pearance, refulting from the magnificence of its ornaments, and the folemn harmony of its mafly

proportions, that it cannot be approached, but with awe and reverence. (s)

The Pediment is that defcribed by VirRuvius, who divides the Front of the Corona, or Drip, into nine parts, from the extremities of its Cymatium, and gives one to the height of the Tympanum, (/) though it is too flat in the opinion of Puirawpzm. (v) But it is obfervable, that the Parruenon, the Temple of Tuzsrus, the Veftibule of the Sroa, and the Doric Portico at Aruens, have all nearly the Vitruvian proportions. No Dentils are inferted in the Cornice, as the following Temple has none; (xy) and Virruvrus not only approves of their being omitted,

but affirms they cannot be placed in it with propriety. (y)

The Door in the Pronaos is omitted, as the Ruin afforded no authorities, either for its pro-

portions or ornaments.

(4) Cymatium epiftylii feptima parte fuz altitudinis eft fa- (5) O καλυμένος YlapÜrww, ὑπερχειμεῦος τὰ Smp, μεγάλην καταπληξιν ciendum, et in projectura tantundem reliqua pars prater ^ae τοῖς Spec Dicaarcnus in Defcrip, Grec. ex Meursio de Cymatium dividenda eft in partes xii. et earum trium prima — Crcmorra.

fafcia eft facienda, fecunda quatuor, fumma, quinque. Item

Zophorus fupra epiftylium, quarta parte minus quam epiíty- (£ Tympani autem quod eft in faftigio, altitudo fic eft fa-

lium. Sin autem figilla defignari oportuerit, quarta parte — cienda, ut frons coron ab extremis Cymatiis tota dimetiatur

altiorem quam epiftylium, uti autoritatem habeant ículpturz. in partes novem, et ex eis una pars in medio cacumine tym-

Cymatium fuz altitudinis partis feptimz, projectura Cymatii, pani conftituatur. L.iii. c. 3.

quanta ejus craffitudo. Supra Zophorum denticulus eft facien- :

dus.---L, iii, c. 3. Ὁ , (u) Si cui preffior videbitur hac tympani altitudo (ut certe eft) ita emendare poterit---PHILAND.

7) Columnarum autem proportiones, et fymmetrie non erunt Am ( P Es . (x) See Chap. ii. Pl 7.

iifdem rationibus, quibus in sedibus facris fcripfi. Aliam enim

in deorum templis debent habere gravitatem ; aliam in porti- (y) Etiamque antiqui non probaverunt, neque inftituerunt in

cibus, et cceteris operibus, fubtilitatem. L. v. c. 9. faftigiis mutulos aut denticulos fieri fed puras coronas. L.iv. c.2.

PLATE

THE TEMPLE OF BACCHUS. 9

EL AU E TIT.

FIG. I. The Bafe of the Columns, with the lower part of the Shaft.

HE Plinth, lower Torus, and Scotia, with its Fillets, are of one piece of marble. The upper Torus with an Aftragal is annexed to the Apophyges of the Column, probably to

Atrengthen and preferve it from accident and injury, the Proje&ure being very great.

The {mall Diminution of this Column, obferved in the Explanation of the preceding Plate, fuffciently proves, that the two portions of the Shaft belonged to different Columns; the upper part, probably, to one of the external Range of the Dipteros; and the lower, to the internal, or the front either of the Pronaos or Pofticum, in both which the Columns were lefs in diameter than in the external Range, as is evident from the Temple of Jurrrgz& Orvurrivs at Aruens. And from this circumftance, the reafon of that great Projecture of the Apophyges noted above is plain; for, if the Bafes of the external and internal Columns of the Dipteros were of the fame proportions, the Apophyges both of one and the other muft likewife be of the fame; and, confequently, the fmaller the diameter is of the internal Columns, the greater wil be the Proje&ure of the Apophyges. But a different fymmetry is obferved in the Bafes of the Temple of Jurrrer Orvwrius; for the external Bafes have Plinths, and are in height the femi-diameter of their Columns: but the internal have none, and are placed upon a Step, which raifed the Pavement within the internal Range of the Dipteros, its whole height above that within the external; on which account the internal Columns are lef in altitude than the external by the height of the Step, as well as lefs in diameter. The Mouldings alfo of the internal Bafes are much higher than thofe of the external; nor have they any connexion with cach other, except in the diameter of their lower Torus; but the Mouldings of the internal, being higher, have a greater Proje&ure, which (as the diameter of the lower Torus is the fame in both) contra&s the upper Torus, and makes it lefs than in the external Bafes. Thus the

Archite& diminifhed the great Proje&ure of the Apophyges remarked in this Column. FIG. IL. The Capital and Architrave, with the upper part of the Shaft of the Columns.

The Capital, Aftragal, and Apothefis, with a fmall part of the Shaft, are of one piece of marble,

The proportions of this Capital, and the analogy it has to the Bafe, and lower part of the Column, may be colle&ed from hence: If you divide the upper part of the fhaft into twenty one parts, the diameter of the Column below will be (as it was found by the a&ual meafure- ment) twenty two, and the Aftragal under the Capital twenty two and a half; the length and breadth of the Abacus of the Capital twenty four, and the diameter of the Echinus twenty feven, which is equal to the diameter of the Aftragal under the Apophyges of the Column: the height of the Capital will be nine parts, and including the Volutes thirteen and a half, which

E is

10 THES TEMP ES Ol BAG. Hives:

is the femi-diameter of the Echinus: this alfo is the height of the Bafe including the Plinth; and

without that, one third of the length of the Abacus of the Capital. All thefe proportions cor-

1

> | refpond as nearly with the meafures, as can be expected, efpecially confidering the latter as < | collected from feveral different fragments.

4

II The thicknefs of the Architrave could not be obtained; fo that, in placing it upon the Capital

with the front perpendicular over the Border in the Face of the Volutes, the example of the

Temple on the Ixissus at ATHENS has been followed; the breadth of the Soft of the Archi- trave being found in the Greek buildings always to exceed the diameter of the Neck of the

Column, not only in this Order, but alfo in the Doric and Corinthian.

FIG. III. A Se&ion through the front of the Capital and Architrave.

The latter has a Compartment in the Soffit, ornamented with a defaced Scroll furrounded with

| FIG. IV. A Section through the Profile of the Capital.

The Pulvini or Pillows of the Volutes were decorated with Leaves, but fo much defaced,

the fpecies was not diftinguifhable; for which reafon the Plan of the Capital, and the Elevation

Ἶ ' ᾿ of the Profile, are omitted. | FIG. V. 'The Contour of the Volute. |

Patiapro’s method of defcribing the Volute agrees in general extremely well with thefe

meafures, except in the breadth, which was very difficult. to take.

| Pa Io qoos ,

The Bafe and Capital, with the Entablature reftored and fhaded, in order to give a more complete | Idea of their Effe&.

T has been already obferved, that no part of the Frize could be found: (x) it is fupplied

| here, by making the Architrave the mean proportion between it and the Cornice. The

The Ornaments on the Sima are reftored from the fragment in the following Plate.

| As itis apprehended, that the fmall diminution of the Columns, notwithftanding the addition

of eight tenths to the diameter of the lower part of their Shafts, (2) may ftill be obje&ed to

height of the Cymatium is one fourth of the Frize. Ἢ

in the clevation of this Temple, another method of reftoring the Order will be propofed. ὶ | J Neither ἢ (x) See Explan, Pl. II. (4) See Explan, Pl. II.

t

Lae EOP OLR BAC CH U;S. II

Neither ‘the proportion given above to the height of the Prize, nor that in the Elevation, (in which the Frize is made the Mean between the Architrave and Cornice) exceeds the Rules eftablifhed by Virruvius (4). But, as this great Mafter feems to have pointed out only the two Extremes, it may be thought, we have liberty to choofe any height for the Frize, within the limits preferibed, which fhall be deemed moft fuitable to the general proportions of this Order: therefore the middle way between thefe Extremes will now be purfued. Divide, as before, (c) the upper part of the Shaft into twenty one parts, and allow to the height of the Frize fixteen and two thirds ; the Architrave is fixteen and one third, and the Cornice eighteen, which together make fifty one parts: then give to the diameter of the lower part of the Column twenty four. The Projeture of the Apophyges will fufficiently admit of this ΠΣ which is the greateft that can be afligned to the Column, as it is the length of the Abacus of the Capital, and will exceed the aétual meafurement by two parts, and make the diminution of the Column one eighth, and the height of the Bafe, exclufive of the Plinth, one third of the diameter; (4) and eight diameters and a half, or two hundred and four parts, being given to the altitude of the Columns,

the height of the Entablature will be one fourth.

It remains to fettle the diameter of the internal Columns of the Dipteros; for, it muft be acknowledged, the addition of two parts, which is three inches fix tenths, to the diameter of the external, makes the difparity between them too great. This difficulty may be remedied by giving twenty three parts to the internal Range, and affigning the lower part of the meafured Column to the front of the Pronaos; for there it ought to be lefs than in the internal Range, and to be raifed upon a Step above the Pavement of the Portico; as, when the Pronaos is large, and has Columns placed within it, thefe ought to be lefs in diameter than thofe in the

front. (6)

P LI Ae oe S V.

IG. I. The Cornice of the Temple. The fragment of a Lion's head, and a piece of

Ornament, are the only remains we could find.

FIG. IL. An Architrave and Frize, of one piece of marble, decorated with a patera and feftoons

of Laurel, in a Turkifh Burying-ground by a Mofque at Srcicucx.

It is obfervable, that the Ovolo in the Cymatium of the Architrave is wrought flat, with a

little Fillet in the upper part of it. G FIG. III.

(2) Item Zophorus fupra epiftylium, quarta parte minus (δ) Item fi (pronaos) major erit latitudo, quam pedes xl. quam epiftylium, fin autem figilla defignari oportuerit, quarta ^ columnz contra regiones columnarum, qua inter antas funt, parte aliorem quam epiftylium, uti au&oritatem habeant fealp- ^ introrfus collocentur, et ew altitudinem habeant zque, quam que ture. Lib. iii. c. 3. funt in fronte. Craffitudines autem earum extenuentur his

" rationibus, uti fi o&ava parte erunt, qua. funt in fronte, ha

) See Explan. Pl. II. Fig. ii. 4 fiant novem partes. Sin autem nona, aut decima, pro rata parte

7 ἧ d ὡς 5 ish wee d e

d τι a es ei t; vida ib.

(4) Altitudo ejus (fpira) fi atticurges erit, ita dividatur, ut fant. Lib. iv. c. 4.

fuperior pars tertia parte fit craffitudinis columnz. L. iii. c.3.

12 THE ΕΝ ΡΛ ΘΕ ΟΕ Ὁ.

FIG. III. A Seétion through the Soffit of the Architrave, which has a Compartment furrounded with an Ovolo wrought alfo flat. The Mouldings of this fragment are exécuted with great

accuracy and neatnefs.

FIG. IV. A Pedeftal, and fquare Bafe, of one piece of white marble, near the South Gate at Sserezcx. The Mouldings of the Bafe proje& over the Die of the Pedeftal.

Thefe marbles have a place here, as it is not doubted but they belonged formerly to Tzos.

Po chocA T-E VE

The Contents of the preceding Plate fhaded.

ΠΡ Lo E OG. E.

The Trunk of a Fzwarg Ficure, about half as big as life, lying in a Turkith Burying-ground

on the South fide of Szcicrck.

ΞΕ ἀν ὦ F Barlotozer Teulo

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ΟΥΑΙ Ρ ΓΔΕ II. The Temple of MINERVA POLIAS at PRIENE.

RIENE was fituated on the South fide of a Mountain called Mycarz. It now commands P an extenfive view over a fine plain interfeded by a winding water-courfe approaching near to the Walls, and by the river MuraNpER, as reprefented in the following Tail-piece, in which the white fpeck beyond the river marks the place of Mirzrvs, diftant, as was conjectured, about twelve miles in a ftrait dire&ion, and bearing fixteen minutes Weft of South from the

Temple which is the fubje& of this Chapter.

The alteration in the topography of this Trad, gradually produced in a long feries of time; will afford curious matter to be enlarged on'in the Journal of our Travels ; the account being connected too clofely with the different traverfes we made through the plain, as well as too prolix, to be inferted here. At prefent therefore we fhall remark only in general, that Priene, though now feen as an inland City, was once on the Sea, and had two Ports; the Plain between it and Mrerus was a large Bay ; and the Maawpzn, which now prolongs its courfe much beyond, once glided fmoothly (a) into it.

H Thefe

(a) Lenis illabitur mari, Prin. L. v. ¢. 29.

14 THE. TEMPLE.OF MINERVA POLIAS.

Thefe changes are fo great as' to bewilder and perplex the Traveller, unlefs he is in poffeffion of a clew, and may be affigned as the probable teafon why fo remarkable a portion of antient Tonia is at prefent fo little vifited or known ; the only Tour through this Trad, as yet given to the Public, being that which was undertaken in 1673, by certain Englifh Merchants from Smyrna(é). It would be ungenerous to cenfure this Journey as fuperficial and unfatisfactory, while it merits fo much applaufe for the liberal defign and communicative fpirit of the Party,

which thus opened as it were a way, though hitherto almoft unfrequented, for the benefit of

fu ture Enquirers.

Prinne fell by accident into their Route, and is mentioned as a Village called Sanson, the name, by which and Sanson-catesi it is ΠῚ] known. The Antiquities noted by them are ruins

in general, a Pillar, and a defaced Infcription (c). It is now quite forfaken.

The whole fpace within the Walls, of which almoft the entire circuit remains ftanding, and in fome parts feveral fect high, is ftrowed over with tubbifh or fcattered fragments of marble Edifices. The ruined Churches are monuments of the piety of its more modern Inhabitants ; as the veftiges of a Theatre, of a Stadium, and more particularly: the fplendid heap in Plate I. are

of the tafte and magnificence of its more flourifhing Poffefors. The AcmoroLrs was on a flat

above the Precipice.

The View will furnifh a much clearer idea of the fituation and prefent ftate of the Temple,

than it is in the power of words to convey. The Capitals exquifitely worked, and the rich frag-

ments of antient fculpture, afford equal matter of admiration and regret: nor can the trunks

of the maimed Statues, or a long but defaced Infcription be viewed, without a wifh to know

what illuftrious Perfons thofe reprefented, and what meritorious Citizen, public Treaty, or private

Compact, this recorded.

Near the Weft end of the Ruin is a hole in the Area, which feemed worthy examination.

Our Swifs Servant readily undertook this bufinefs, and foon difappeared, entering the paflage with

a Candle in a Lantern, and a Cord. He remained fo long beneath, that we began to be

uneafy, when he returned, and reported that the defcent continued for fixteen paces; that he

Tt

hen went under the building twelve more, and came to a large cavity, in which were many

bones; and thata fallen rock prevented his farther progrefs. At the end of his cord he brought

up as vouchers a blade and thigh bone; which may countenance a conje&ure concerning the

ufe of this fubterraneous recefs, that it ferved as a receptacle for the offals of animals killed in facrifice, which otherwife muft have been borne away through the City; unlefs it is fuppofed

rather to have been intended originally as a hiding-place for the precious effe.

s of the Temple,

when in danger of being plundered by an Enemy.

In the article of Tzos it is remarked, that Xzmxzs deftroyed all the Temples in Ionra,

except at Ernzsus. How foon the Priendans after that fatal era began to rebuild this, and what progrefs

(4) Publifhed by Wazrrz in 1682, as alfo by Srow. (c) Wuzrzn, p. 268,

aa

THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA’ POLIAS. IS

progrefs they had made before Atzxanper’s time, or whether it ΠῚ] lay in ruins when he entered upon his Expedition, is ‘uncertain. But this mighty Conqueror, who regarded Asra as his patrimony (Z), and with this idea had prohibited the pillage on his firft landing, was as ftudious to adorn, as the flying Perfian had been ready to deface it, not only founding new Cities, but reftoring the priftine fplendor of the old, and re-ereding the Temples which the other had thrown down, extending his pious care even to the devaftation made at Basvrox (4. Prizne alfo fhared his favour, as is evinced by the following valuable record, happily preferved to us by a ftone, which belonged to one of the Antz, now lying at the Eaft end of the heap, in large characters

moft beautifully formed and cut.

BA STA, ER TS AAC ee SANA PO E ANEOHKETONNAON A HNAIHI-FPOATA ATI

KING ALEXANDER DEDICATED THE TEMPLE

T O..MIN.EuxmEU-A^ CIVIC A,

This Stone, which is infcribed alfo on one fide, with the many other fragments by it, feems to indicate, that the Fronts and external Faces of the Ante were covered with Infcription ; and from the degrees of magnitude in the Letter, it may be conje&ured, a regard was had to Perfpective, the greater being higher and more remote, the fmaller nearer to the Eye; fo that, at the proper point of view for reading, all might appear nearly of the fame proportion. Many of thefe Stones were much too ponderous to be turned up, or moved afide, by any ftrength or power we could apply; which is the more to be regretted, as the Legends of feveral are perfe&ly uninjured, We carefully copied thofe portions to which we could gain accefs; but thefe, as not relating to the hiftory of the Temple, are referved for publication in our Col-

legion of Infcriptions.

The above Memorial may perhaps be deemed decifive in refpect to the Age of the Fabric: but it fhould be remembered, that Arzxawpzn was ambitious of infcribing fuch Works; and it will be unfair to conclude that this was not begun, if not far advanced or nearly finifhed, when he entered Asia; fince, on his arrival at Epunsus in his way hither, it is related, that finding the Temple of Diana, (f) which had been deftroyed by Herosrrarus about the time of his birth, rebuilding under the dire&ion of Dinocrarzs, he offered the Ephefians to defray all

I their

tens, milites a populatione / prohibuit, par-

cendum rebus praefatus, nec

ica, que pofeuri (ΩΤ

venerint, Justin. c.'6.

κῶς αὐϑηψανῖο τὰ eye, οἷς τι τελείαν, ὃν φησιν

A

45) gya--STRAB. p. 640.

τό THE TEMPLE. OF MINERVA POLIAS.

their paft expenfes, and to complete the Edifice, for the gratification, which, it appears, he

procured at PaiewE, to wit, the privilege of infcribing it as the Dedicator; and this, trifling

m, was then efteemed fo honourable and important, that he could not obtain it

as 1t may i

even on terms fo very liberal and magnificent.

VrrRvviUs direds, (5) that the Temples of Tutelary Deities, and of Jurrrer, Juno, and fiNznva, fhould be fituated on eminences, fo as to command a view of the City-walls, as it

is evident this did.

The Archite& of this auguft Temple was the Pyrueus,(4) or, as he is named in another paflage, Pirros, mentioned in the Article of "Tros. The ruin, as Virruvius alfo does, may bear teítimony to the noblenefs of his Genius. He defcribed it in a written Expofition ; and it is recorded, he conceived fo highly of his Profeffion, as to affert in his Commentaries,

that it behoved an Archite& to excell more, in all Arts and Sciences, even than the Individuals

who had carried each, by their application and induftry, to the fummit of reputation. ὃ PP 35 D But, glorious as this Fabric was when entire, it prefented alfo another obje& of admiration (| 8 , P 4) to the heathen ‘Traveller; for Pausantas, (ἢ after affirming that Ionia was adorned with Temples, fuch as no other Province could boaft, and enumerating the principal, adds,

* You would be delighted too with that of Miwzava at Priznz, on account of the Statue.”

Peta, I E 1.

The Temple of MINERVA POLIAS at PRIENE.

ΙΑ LB 51].

HE Site of this Temple is covered with ruins, fo confufedly heaped together, that neither

the number of its Columns in front can be diftinguifhed, nor the breadth of its Inter- columniations meafured, and, confequently, neither the Afpec nor Species be determined; but it is evident from what remains, that the Cell was furrounded with Columns, of which the Diameters and Intercolumniations (fuppofing them any breadth between the Pycnoftylos and Diaftylos) being compared with the extent of ground occupied by the Ruin, the front of the Temple appears not to have exceeded an Hexaftylos, and therefore the Afpe& was undoubtedly

the Peripteros.

It

bus vero facris, quorum Deorum maxime in tutela facere, quam qui fingulas res fuis induftriis et exercitationibus

civitas videtur efie, et Jovi, et Junoni, et Minerva, in excel- ad fummam claritatem perduxerunt. Id autem re non expeditur.

fiffimo loco unde mcenium maxima pars confpiciatur, area diftri- Virruv. L.

in foro—Apollini patrique Libero, ^ In another paflage he is named Pirneus.

buantur. Mercuri

fecundum "Theatrum.

καὶ ἑερα οἷα ayy ἑτερωϑι"--τήσϑειης δ᾽ αν καὶ τῷ m

(b) Ideoque de veteribus Archite&is, Pythius, qui Prienz dem καὶ Almas τῷ ἐν Ilpupy vao vélo μὲν τὰ ἀγαλμαῖος

nobiliter eft architeétatus,

in fuis. Commentariis, . Li Vil, p. 533.

3

Archite&um omnibus artibus et dc s plus oportere poffe

THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. 17

Tt was inclofed in a Peribolus, narrow in refpe& to the length, the Front being placed at fuch a diftance from the Temple, that the Eye, upon entering, might be fully fatisfied, at the firft glance, with the Obje& before it. The South Wall of this Peribolus, which is Ruftic, remains as high as the furface of the ground within, forming a Terrace upwards of twenty feet high; and a part alfo of the Eaft Wall, which was the Front. Some veftiges, extending in a ftrait line, at a fmall diftance from the South Wall, and parallel with it, fhow, that the Peribolus was embellifhed with a Periftyle, (thefe being the Foundations of the Columns) to which fome pieces of an Architrave and Cornice (6) lying near probably belonged. On the outfde of a piece of Wall in the Front of the Peribolus, is a Bafe, (1) with the lower part of a Paraftata or Pilafter, of which the breadth is two feet and three tenths, and its projecture from the Wall one foot one inch, the proportion cérrefponding with the Architrave and Cornice

above mentioned. FIG. I. The uppermoft Step and Bafe, with the lower part of the Shaft of the Column.

The great quantity of Stones promifcuoufly fallen upon one another, and much too weighty to be removed, prevented our fearching to the bottom of the Steps; but that next the upper- moft is one foot one inch and two tenths in height, and one foot five inches and two tenths

in breadth.

The Bafe is Ionic, and has no Plinth. It confifts of two Stones, the Scotie with the Aftragals and Fillets being one, and the Torus the other. The upper Scotia is inverted, which diverfifies, and gives to the Profile a greater beauty than is in the Vitruvian Bafe, in which the Scotie are placed one over the other uninverted. The Torus is Elliptical, and fluted: the fame kind of ornament on this Moulding is to be met with in the Temple of EnzcrHzus, and

that by the Inissus at ATHENs.

FIG. IL. The Capital and Fafcie of the Architrave, with the upper part of the Shaft of

the Column.

The Eyes of the Volutes are bored two inches and a half deep, perhaps for the convenience of fixing feftoons of Flowers, and the other Apparatus with which the Antients were accuftomed

to adorn their Temples on days of feftivity, or public folemnity.

The Hem or Border, with its Fillet, refting on the Echinus, and connecting with a graceful fweep the Spirals of the Volutes, and in a manner keeping them fixed and fecure in their

place, adds greatly to the beauty of this Capital.

A fpecimen of the Analogy between the Capitals, Bafes, and lower part of the Columns of

thefe Temples, has been given in the Chapter on Tos. (m)

K PLATE

k) See Pl, VIII. Fig. vi, and vii. (ἢ See PL VII, Fig. viii. (m) See Explan, Chap. I. Pl III. Fig. ii.

THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS.

ἐς τ} III.

The Contents of the preceding Plate fhaded.

ῬΑ ba OP en

IG. I. The Plan of the Capital, in which it is obfervable, the Echinus is continued quite

round, and appears with above half its proje&ure under the Pillows of the Volutes, contri-

buting very much to its Richnefs. FIG. Il. An Elevation of the Profile of the Capital. FIG. HI. A Se&ion through the Profile of the Capital. FIG. IV. A Scion through the Front of the Capital.

FIG. V. 'The Contour of the Volute, of which the meafures were colle&ed not without

much difficulty, it being neceflry to have recourfe to feveral different fragments.

The Spiral of the Volute has four Revolutions, and may be defcribed as follows. Let fall a perpendicular Line, at pleafure, for the Cathetus; and fet off from the Point, whence it is dropped, any given diftance for the Centre of the Eye, which being divided into fix parts, the Radius of the Circle that defcribes the. Eye will be the half of one of them. To find the Points, in which the Centres of the Spiral are fixed, draw two oblique Lines, at the Angle of forty five Degrees, through the Centre of the Eye; then infcribe an Hexagon, beginning at the Interfe&ion of the Cathetus, with the upper part of the Circumference of the Eye, and divide the oblique Lines, from the Centre to their interfe&ions with the fides of the Hexagon, into three parts, which will give the Points, in which the Centres of the three firft Revolutions are fixed: for the fourth, biffe& the remainder of the oblique Lines, between the Centres of the third Revolution, and the Centre of the Eye. Thus you will have the Centres. of the fourth Revolution, and

complete the Spiral of the Volute.

FIG. VI. A Se&ion through the Torus of the Bafe, in which the Flutings and Profile are diftin@ly marked.

D. ieee Ty V.

HE Plan, Elevation’ of the Profile, and Se&ion of the Capital, fhaded ; alfo the Abacus

of the Capital, and the Sedion on a larger Scale, to exprefs, with greater accuracy and

diftin@nefs, the manner and tafte in which the Ornaments are executed,

THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. 19

V

EUR AST X

B I. The Cornice of the Temple.

The Ornaments on the left hand of the Lion’s head are added, being the fame as were found

on the right.

It may be remarked, that the bottom of the Sima does not fprin from the Edge of the y pane g

Fillet beneath, but leaves a fmall recefs, which feems to indicate, that the Materials of this Member might originally be of Lead; for if a Sheet of this be laid upon the Cornice, and turned up in the form of a Sima, (the ufe of which is to colle& the Water from the Roof, and throw it off from the Building, through the mouths of the Lions heads generally carved for that purpofe) (7) it will naturally leave fuch a recefs. This particularity is found in plain, as well as ornamented Cornices, in the Greck Buildings. Thus among others the ParrHENnon, in the Acroporis at AcHENs, has the Cornice of the Pediment crowned with an Ovolo, which

fprings from the Fillet beneath in the fame manner, and has no Ornaments.

A. The Soffit of the Dentils. FIG. Il. A Sedion through the Cornice of the Pediment, with its Front annexed.

The Ornaments on the Sima are compofed in a very different manner from thofe in the lateral Cornice: and, left this fingularity fhould give reafon to fufpe& an Error in the appli-

cation here, it is to be noted, that the meafures of thefe two Cornices were taken from an

angular Stone of the Pediment. FIG. IL A Se&ion through the Architrave of the Temple, with its internal Face.

The Architrave was compofed of three pieces, and the junction of the two lowermoft was at the line marked in the Se&ion. The Cymatium of the external Face was the third; but

we could find no remnant of it. The Compartment in the Soffit has no Ornaments in the Pannel.

FIG. IV. A Seéion through one of the Tranfverfe Beams which fupported the Lacunaria,

with one of its Faces.

This alfo has a Compartment in the Soffit, like that of the Architrave.

L PLATE

n) In fimis, que fupra coronam in lateribus funt zdium,

ut contra columnas

capita leonina funt fcalpenda, ita pofita,

s ea primum fint d ata, coetera vero zquali modo

difpofita, uti fingula fingulis mediis regulis refpondeant. Hac

autem qua erunt contra columnas, perterebrata fint ad canalem,

qui excipit e tegulis aquam ccleftem. Mediana autem fint folida, uti que cadit vis aque per tegulas in canalem, ne dejiciatur per intercolumnia, neque tranfeuntes perfundat. Sed quz funt contra columnas, videantur emittere vomentia ru&tus aquarum ex ore.

Virgvv. L. iii.

20 THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS.

P Τὸ eer eee VII.

, | SHE Cornices in the foregoing Plate fhaded; but, inftead of the Architrave and Tranfverfe Beam, is given the Angle of the Pediment, in which, as was obferved before, the Dentils are omitted. (0) The Fillet in the Cymatium of the Corona, in the lateral. Cornice,

is difcontinued in that under the Tympanum of the Pediment, as in the Parruznon and the

Doric Portico at ATHENSs.

To find the Pitch of the Cornice of the Pediment, form a right-angled Triangle, of which the Bafe is four feet five inches, its perpendicular fide eleven inches and a half; and the

Hypothenufe, which will be the lower Edge of the Fillet under the Sima, will give the Pitch

required.

ΤΡ VIII.

IG. I. A íquare Bafe, with the lower part of a Column, found near each other, by the

South Eaft angle of the Temple.

FIG. I. One of the Fronts of a fquare Capital, which has four faces,

and a Plinth upon the Abacus.

A. A Se&ion through the Stems of the Volutes, in the front of the Capital. FIG. IH. The Semi-profle of the fame Capital.

Two of thefe Capitals lie half buried in the ground, near the Bafe and Fragment of the

Column above mentioned, to which, from the analogy of the proportions, it may be inferred,

one of them belonged, as'the other muft have done to a fimilar Column.

Thefe Capitals could not be employed in the Ante of the "Temple, in which, as they

terminated the Pteromata, or lateral Walls of the Pronaos and Pofticum, only three faces were

ufed: befides, the breadth of the Column is too {mall to have accompanied thofe of the

Temple; and indeed the Plinth upon the Abacus of the Capitals is a convincing proof, they

could have no place in any part of this Building: but it is likely, the Bafe lies near to its

original Site, and that this Column, with its Companion, fupported fome Statue,

Trophy, or

Votive Offering; to which purpofe, the Plinth upon the Abacus of the Capitals is well adapted.

Inftances of this ufage are, a Corinthian Column at Myrasa, infcribed to the memory of

Menanver, and probably once decorated with his Statue; and two Columns at Aruzws with triangular Capitals, which plainly teftify, that each was defigned to bear a confecrated Tripod,

the prize obtained in fome public Game, fome Mufical or Theatrical Entertainment.

FIG. Ὁ) See Explan. Chap. I, Pl Ih

1

Ϊ LI t

THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. 2I

FIG. IV. A Se&ion through the Cymatium of the Frize of the Temple, with its Front

annexed.

This is a feparate Stone, like the Cymatium of the Architrave. FIG. V. A Fragment of the Lacunaria, of which the Frames or Borders have a Compart- ment in the Soffit, like that in “the Architrave and the Tranfverfe Beam above mentioned,

except only the Bead under the Sima inverfa, or Ogee, which is omitted. FIG. VI. The Cornice, which belonged to the Periftyle within the Peribolus.

The Cymatium under the Dentils has three Mouldings, a Fillet, a Sima inverfa, and beneath that a Fafcia, or Band, as in the Doric,(p) which has the Frize crowned in the fame manner, when the Trigliphs and Mutules are omitted: and this has a beautiful effe&, as«may be feen in the Propytea at Aruens, in which is an Aftragal under the Sima inverfa; and below that,’ the Fafcia; though fometimes the Fafcia is placed upon the Capitals of the Trigliphs, as in the Entablature, in Plate XI. of this Chapter. The Cymatium is formed of the fame piece of

Marble as the Cornice ; a circumftance which has feldom occurred in this and the Corinthian Order. The Sima of this Cornice has a recefs at the bottom, like that in the Cornice of the Temple.

FIG. VU. A Seétion through an Architrave, belonging to the fame Entablature as the

above Cornice did, and found near it, among the ruins at the front of the Peribolus. (7)

The front of the Plinth projeéts beyond. the lower Torus three inches and nine tenths.

ΡΤ ΙΧ.

‘The Contents of the foregoing Plate fhaded.

Eo Bape Ὁ EB ee

IG. I. The Entablature of the Temple reftored, with a Seétion through the middle,

fhowing its internal face.

The Cymatium of the Architrave, it has been obferved, was a feparate Stone, (r) of which we could find no remain. ‘hat given here, is taken from the Defigns of this Temple, in the

M poffeffion

(p) Here it is neceffary to obferve, that the Greek Examples (4) See Explan. Pl. II. of the Doric are underftood, differing greatly from the Vitruvian

and Modern Doric, in the Compofition, Difpofition, and Pro- (r) See Explan. Pl. VI. Fig. iii, portion of its Members.

22 THE TEMPLE-OF MINERVA POLIAS.

poffeflion of Mr. Woop; and its height is one fourth of the Architrave. The Cymatium of the Frize is alfo a feparate Stone. The other portion of the Frize is fupplied, and its height determined, by dividing the height of the Cymatium into two parts, of which feven are given

to the Naked of the Frize.

Thefe proportions to the height ‘of the Architrave and Frize, agree with the internal Face of the Entablature, as may be feen by the jundion of the feveral Stones employed in the con- ftru&ion of it, and which is explained by dotted Lines. As a farther evidence, it may be obferved, that the heights of the internal face of the Architrave, Frize, and the lower Stone of the Lacunaria, with the Cymatium of the external face of the Frize, added together, differ only one fifth of an inch from the external face of the Architrave, and Frize, including its

Cymatium.

As no remain of the upper Stone of the Lacunaria could be found, it is here reftored with the Cymatium under its Sofft, and the Superficies made level with that of the Cymatium in the external face of the Frize, which is neceflary to be done in order to place the Cornice

upon them.

pel b ^ : : The Lion's head on the Sima is not pierced through the Cornice, confequently could be placed there only for ornament, and, as it is perpendicular over the Angle of the Architrave ?

could not be repeated along the Cornice in a regular difpofition ; for which reafon, it is likely. >

it was not inferted, except at the Angles of the Building, as in the Parruznon and the Doric

Portico at ATHENS.

It is remarkable that the ftrait Mouldings incline forward, both in ‘the external and internal faces of the Entablature. This, according to Virruvius, they fhould always do in the external Front, to obviate a deception of the eye, to which, if placed upright, they would appear as leaning backward; (s) though it is apprehended his Text is erroneous as to the quantity of incli- nation, which feems to be too great. It is alfo obfervable, that the Members, in the Entablatures and Pediments of the Greek Buildings, are Ícarcely ever placed perpendicular one over the other, but proje& fomewhat forward, which gives a greater variety to the Profile; and thus the Members, in the front of the Building, appear to the view to be perpendicular over one

another, more than if they really were fo.

Having thus reftored the Entablature, it may not be unacceptable to endeavour to fettle

alfo the Species of this Temple, with the Altitude and general Proportions of the Order.

The Difpofition of the Dentils and the Ornaments on the Sima, though not correfponding with any of the five Species of Intercolumniations, will lead us to the former; for if one

Diameter

(s) Membra omnia, que fupra capitula columnarum funt partem, altera fummam, quz fummam tetigerit longior fiet. Ita futura, id eft, epiftylia Zophori, corona, tympana, faftigia, quo longior vifus linea in fuperiorem partem .procedit, refupina- acroteria, inclinanda funt in frontis fuz cujufque altitudinis tam facit ejus fpeciem. Cum autem (uti fupra fcriptum eft) in parte.xii. Ideo quod, cum fteterimus contra frontes, ab oculo — fronte inclinata fuerint, tunc in afpeétu videbuntur effe ad per-

linez duz fi extenfz fuerint, et una tetigerit imam operis pendiculum et normam, VirRuv. L, iii, c. 3.

THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. 23

Diameter and two thirds of the Column be taken for the Intercolumniation, the Ornaments on the Sima will be repeated eight times between the Centres of the Columns, and fall very regularly, the Dentils thirteen times, and the Columbaria, or Spaces between them, thirteen more, counting the two half Columbaria as one; for thefe, and not the Dentils, are placed over the Centres of the Columns. Thefe Ornaments, and the Dentils, can be difpofed only in this manner with regularity; from which it may be prefumed this is the true Intercolum- niation. Nor fhould the want of the Correfpondency before mentioned be objected, as it is not found either in the Portico of the Temple of Minerva Porias, the Temple of Jurirer Oxymrivs, the Temple on. the I:tssus, the Veftibule of the Sroa at Aruens, the Temple at Iackxzr near Myzasa, the great Theatre at Laopicea, or in the Temple defcribed in

the following Chapter.

The height of the Entablature, which is two diameters of the Column and three eighths, according to the above reftoration muft be taken for eftablifhing the Altitude and general Proportions of the Order. This multiplied by four will give nine diameters and a half to the Altitude of the Columns, fuppofing the height of the Entablature to be one fourth. 1 this Altitude be thought too great, the Steps may be included, which, if the lowetmo be allowed the fame height as the middle one,(;) will be all together three fourths of the

^ Diameter of the" Column in height: this, fubftra&ed from the nine Diameters and a half,

wil give eight and three fourths to the Altitude of the Columns; and the height of the Entablature will be one fourth, including the Steps: but, if the Intercolumniation was one diameter and two thirds, a greater height may be given to the Columns; for in the Portico of the Temple of EnzcrHEUS the Intercolumniation is that of the Syftylos, and yet the Columns

have nine Diameters and one third; and in the Portico of Minerva Portas, notwithftanding

the Intercolumniation approaches near to that of the Diaftylos, the Columns have nine PP >

but it fhould be noted, the height of the Entablatures in both thefe Temples was 5 P

one fourth of the Columns including the Steps; alfo the Entablature of the Temple on the Inissus at ArHzNs (of which the Columns did not much exceed eight Diameters) had the

fame Proportion: fo that, if we follow thefe Examples, the Altitude of the Columns muft be

Gxed at eicht Diameters and three fourths, which is about the Mean between the Temple of

o

Erecruzus and that on the Inissus at ATHENS.

FIG. IL The Ornament on the Sima upon a larger Scale, in order to tender it more

e, and fhow to greater advantage the tafte in which it is executed. The length of it

is one foot four inches

FIG. HII. An Architrave and Cornice, taken from Mr. Woop's Meafurements of this

N PLATE

(¢) See Explan. PI. II.

24. THE TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS.

Pha ree, ΧΕ

IG. I. A Cornice found at fome diftance, -to:the South Eaft from the Peribolus. The Compofition, Proportion, and Tafte of the Mouldings, agree perfectly well with the Cornice of the Periftyle, (z) and plainly prove, that it belonged to the fame Building, and, as the Dentils are omitted, probably to a Pediment in the front of the Peribolus. ‘The difference between the -Ornaments on the Sima, and thofe of the Cornice before mentioned, will not be

objected to, if it be remembered that thofe in -the lateral Gornice of the Temple vary greatly

from that in the Pediment. (#) FIG. I. A Doric Capital and Entablature.

Below the "Temple, and contiguous to the South Wall of the Peribolus, is a ‘large level piece of ground, of which the Weftern end forms a Terrace faced with a Ruftic Wall. The Remnants of a Doric Building of white Marble are ícattered over this fpot, which, being

fituated in the Centre of the City, is fuppofed to have been the Acora. (») Out of thefe

Fragments are colle&ed this Capital and Entablature ; but whether thefe members belonged to

each other, cannot be afcertained. The meafures ‘are taken from Stones lying feparate, at fuch

a diftance as fhows they were employed in very different parts of the Building. However, on

comparing the Members together, no confiderable difagreement is found in their proportions,

except in the Mutules, of which the length does nét properly coincide with the breadth of

the Trigliphs. The Sima was decorated with Lions heads, whieh are defaced,

As not one of tle Shafts of the Columns was entire, or in its place, neither their Diameter

nor Altitude could be afcertained ; but if two feet fix inches and fix tenths be taken for the

Diameter, their diminution will be one fixth; and if fix Diameters and. a half.for the Altitude,

the height of the “Entablature will’ be two ninths and a half; but if Steps’ are added to the

Columns, the height of the Entablature may be made one fourth, the Steps included. The

Columns, in the Portico. erected by Priuie of Macspon at Detos, and in the Temple of

Jurirer Nemevs in Acnmará, (5) have the fame proportions. « The height of ‘the Entablature in

the former is three elevenths of the Column, which differs but very little from this. The

Example of the Doric Portico at Aruens is followed in lacing the: Capital: and Members of I E g P

the Entablature upon one another,

FIG. IIL The proje&ure of the Trigliph from the Naked of the Frize.

PLATE

(4) See Pl. VIII. Fig. vi epiftylis adornant; et fupra ambulationes in contignationibus faciunt. .Virruv. L. v. c. 1. (9) See PL VI. Fig. i and ii.

(z) This Temple is diftant about five hours, a little to the

(x) Greci in quadrato, ampliffmis et duplicibus porticibus, South of Weft, from Coriwtx, and one hour Eaft from a village

fora conftituunt, crebrisque columnis, et lapideis aut marmoreis called St, Gronoro.

THE-TEMPLE OF MINERVA POLIAS. 2

vi

| ges eae: eee aa OF XII.

The Contents of the preceding Plate fhaded.

HEAD-PIECE.

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TUUM

ΡΧΧΧΩΣΖΩΙ

C 4L PS BOR IE

The Temple of APOLLO DIDYMZEUS near MiLETUSs.

N the preceding Chapter we have given a View of the Plain before Priznz, with a brief Account of the change which has happened between it and Mirgrus. We íhall now prefent a very curious View from the latter City toward the Sea, for which we are indebted

to Mr. Woop, as alfo for the following Explanation of the References.

« A. Part of the Theatre, near to which this View of the MzAwpzR was taken. We took the Plan of this Theatre as well as it could be made out, and a View of it in its prefent ruinous State. It is built on the declivity of a Rock with a weftern afpeé, and on the left fide of the Mazanper, of white ftone It has been large, its conftruétion is folid, and the few fcattered ornaments we faw belonging to it were in a good tafte ; but the remains of it are too imperfe&, and too much choaked up with rubbifh, to admit of cxa& meafures. Of twenty five confiderable "Theatres, which we faw in Asta Minor, there is not one built entirely upon a level piece of ground; but advantage has been taken of a flope in which the Seats

are fixed.

B. A Turkifh Fortrefs. qx C; The

p (ore)

THE TEMPLE O# APOLLO DIDYM AUS.

C. The Village of Parar or PararscHa, confifting of a few mean houfes: one Mofque with its Minaret, and the Fortrefs, marked in the preceding Letter, fhew that it muft have been more confiderable, even fince it has been in the hands of the Turks. ‘There is no doubt, that this was Minetus. I found that name on five mutilated Infcriptions ; and T copied one pretty entire, which takes notice of the Colonies for which Mirerus was famous, and is engraved

upon fo large a ftone that it could not have been removed here eafily from other ruins.

D. The MzaNnzn.

E. An old Channel, in which the Maanprr formerly flowed; of thofe deferted Channels

there are others in the Plain.

F. Lape, formerly an lüland remarkable as the {pot near which the numerous fleets of the

lonians and Perfians engaged, as related by Heroporus, but az prefent, a rifing ground fituated

within land, and at fome diftance from the fhore by the encroachment of the Mzandrian Plain Ὁ

on the Sea. This difcovery was very obvious to us, when we went from Samos up the Mzanper

in a row boat; and it removes fome Geographical difficulties, which are, I think, otherwife

unfurmountable. When, upon another occafion, I rowed along fhore from HAticarnassus to

the mouth of the Mxanper, im order to examine the better the Geography of the Coaft of Caria and lowra, which is fo little underftood, I was confirmed in my opinion, that the

different Accounts of Writers on this head are owing to their inattention to the Changes which

the Maanprr has been conftantly making in the face of this Count

try.

G. The AncutPELAGO. H. The Ifland of Samos.

I. The Promontory of Mycatr, where the battle between the Greeks and Perfians was

fought on the fame day with that of Piarza. K. Hills South of the Meandrian Plain, which join Mount Larmos. L. The Ifland Nicorra.”

The Temple of the Brancuip#, or, as it was afterwards named, of Apotto Dipymeus, with the Oracle, was not very remote either by fea or land from Miterus, (4) being feated on the

Promontory called Postpzrum, at the diftance of eighteen or twenty Stadia from the Shore,

and one hundred and eighty from the City; (/) and both are recorded as occupying this fpot

before , the . Ionic migration. (c)

The

2. p. 634. Pofideium Promontorium et oppidum Branchidarum appellatum,

nunc Didymzi Apollinis, a littore ftadiis viginti Et inde centum

(E) Μῆα δὲ τὸ Ποσειδ octoginta, Miletus Toni caput---Priw. L, v, P. 277.

τ τὸ ἐν Βραγχίδαις, ἂν Ibid.

(c)

Pausan, L, vil. p. 525. Oraculum a Pofideio xviii, ftad. Macros, L, xvii,

THE TEMPLE OF APOELO DIDYMZUS. 29

The appellation Brancuip# was derived from a very noted, Family fo called, which conti- nued in poffeffion of the Priefthood until the time of Xerxes, deducing its pedigree from the real or reputed Founder, and original Proprietor, Brancuus. Several of thefe facred Tribes flourifhed in Gazzcz, and intermixed, as this did, Fable with their Genealogy, raifing their Progenitor, to conciliate a greater refpe& from the people, far above the level of common humanity. The Story told by the Brancuma is indeed fufficiently ridiculous ; but if the repetition need an apology, it may be urged that one equally extravagant is the fubje& of a noble Ode in Prypar, (d) written to commemorate the antiquity and renown of the prophetic

Family at Oxympra, the once celebrated Iawrpus. It is related by Varro, (z) as follows.

One Orvs, the tenth in defcent from Arorro, after dining on the fhore, renewed his Journey, leaving behind his Son Srwzaus. The youth, thus forgotten, was received by one Parron, who fet him to attend the Goats, in company with his own two Sons. Thefe on a time catch- ing a Swan, and a difpute arifing which fhould prefent it to their Father, began to fight, cóvering the bird with a garment, which, when mutually tired, they removed, and difcovered beneath it a Woman. ‘They were aftonifhed, and would have fled, but fhe recalled them, and dire&ed that Parron fhould prefer Simerus to either. Accordingly, on hearing the tale, Parron carefled him with uncommon affe&ion, and beftowed on him his daughter in marriage. She, during her pregnancy, beheld in a dream the Sun paffing down her Throat, and through her Body. Hence the Infant was named Brancuus, (6 Becyyoss the Throat). He, after kifling Avotto in the woods, was embraced by him, received a crown and wand, began to prophefy, and fuddenly difappeared. The Temple called the Bmawcurapow was ereéted to him, with other Temples in honour of Arorro PmiLEsiUs, (f) and called Prirzsra either from the Kifs of

Baaxcuus, or the Conteft of the Boys. (g)

Among the Milefian Stories colle&ed by Conon, one, as abridged by Puortus, (4) recorded, that Democtus a Delphian had a handfome fon named Smicrus; that by command of the Oracle

Q he

(d) Olymp. vi. (ὦ) 'H Ay. Ὡς Anpoxros ὃ Amo γι

(f. Σιμέρος) ονομια"-τοκαν αὐτὸν εφιλησεν tpe

made emper Σμικρος

ς Ἀπολλων, εὗρων ποιμαι- (e) Varro. Div. Rer. cited by the Scholiaft on Srarrus, wile, νϑα βωμὸς Απολλωνος iru (f. Φιλησια) ἱδρῦῖαι, Ὁ δὲ Βραγχος L. viii. v. 198. εξ Απολλωνος ἐπιπνὰς μαϑικης γέγονως ἐν Διδυμοις τῳ χωρρ expo, Καὶ μέχρι τὰ νυν χρησίηριων Ἑλληνικῶν, ὧν ἰσμὲν tle Δελῷες, xpallicloy ὁμολογει-

(f) Φιλησιος, from Quse, ofeulor, becaufe, as in the Greek nar- ται τὸ τῶν Βραγχιδὼν, Conon. apud Ῥηοτιῦμ, p. 442.

ration of Conon cited hereafter, «Pia

ades ερασ'

Branchus Theffalus fuit Apollini dile&us, et filius habitus,

(g) The difpute between the Boys feems to have arifen from an quem interfe&um dolens, templo et divinitate facravit. Is autem equality in years, or their being διδυμοι, fins; and from hence Apollo Milefius di&us—Arzx. ab Arrx. vi. 2.

may be derived with probability the local names Διϑυμοι and Διδυμευς. Branchus, quem ipfe fufceperat ex filia Taucis et Sucronis

This Title Au,

given to Arorro, is very antient. . et hunc pater-—mortuum communi templo coli voluit, cujus fuerat

Onrz. Hymn. facerdos. Borssanp. Tractat. de Divinatione, p. 107. xai Téo εκ Quem fufcepit ex Iauce Sucronis filia---ad fuperos relatus eft

p.379. communi Milefiorum decreto---unde ipfe Deus Branchides appel-

iem fui numinis latus eft, p. 136.

(f. luminis) praefert ; ipfe illum ue lunam; etenim patrioque zqualis honori ex uno fonte is gemino fidere diei .et noétis illuftrat. Branchus--SrATIUs, L. iii. v. 479. Macros. C. 17. et intonfi cludet penetralia Branchi,

It is remarkable, that mo mention of this AroLLo is found Nec Clarias hac luce fores, Didymzaque quifquam in Homer or Pixpar, unlefs in the Hymns attributed to the Limina, nec Lyciam fupplex confultor adibit. former, v. 180. Hymn. in Arorr. L. viii. ver. 198.

Ὧ Ανα---

Καὶ Midna δ

9

30 THE TEMPLE, OF APOLLO DIDYMZEUS.

he failed to Mrrgrus, taking the lad with him, ‘then aged thirteen; that, eager to reimbark, he unwittingly left him behind ; that a fon of EmrrHamszs a Goatherd led him forrowing to his Father ; that EmrrHaasss, informed of his family and misfortune, cherifhed .him as his own Offspring; alfo concerning the Swan, the contention of the two Boys, and the appearance of LzucorHZA; and that fhe bade them command the Milefians to honour her, and to celebrate a gymnic Agon of Boys, for fhe had been delighted with their conteft ;. that Smrcrus married the daughter of a principal Milefian; that fhe faw the Vifion before defcribed, which was interpreted by the Prophets to be a good one; that the child was named from it, and became the moft beautiful of men; that A»orro, finding him feeding his Flock, was enamoured with and kiffed him, upon the fpot on which an altar dedicated to him was afterwards placed ; that Brancuus was infpired by him, and prophefied at Dinym1, where the Oracle of the Brancmipz was ΠῚ] confeffedly the prime. throughout Gresce, excepting only the Delphic. It is likely the Agon believed to be inftituted to gratify this imaginary Leucoruea, was one of the Didy-

mzan Games, which continued to be folemnized at Muerus for many Centuries. (ἢ

This Account will, it may be prefumed, fully fatisfy even the moft curious in antient Legends, as to the Fables about Brancnus, and the love of Apotzo mentioned, as current here, by Srnazo; (i) who moreover reports, that at Dzrrrr,Bnawcuus was affirmed to be defcended from the Delphian by whom Nrorrorzwus, the fon of Acutiues, was flain. (/) The occafion of this loodfhed is differently reprefented; but the Geographer conjectures the true motive was, that Neorrorzmus had a defign on the Temple, of which the immenfe wealth was become proverbial

even before the Trojan War. (zz)

The Ceremonial of a luftration performed by the Prophet Bmawcuus on the Milefians after a Plague, was as follows: he(z) fprinkled the multitude with Laurel-branches, and begun a

hymn,

Μελπέϊε, ὦ metides, “Ex

seyoV καὶ Ἑκαεργαν,

Sing, Boys, Apollo and Diana. (o)

To which exhortation they replied in certain hard and enigmatical words, like thofe ufed at

the difmiffion from the Eleufinian Myfteries. (2)

While he prefided over the Temple and Oracle, the Milefians were divided between Lzopamas and Puirres, two of the regal line, contending with each other for the dominion. The

community,

(ἢ MIAHTON ATAYMEIA, Marm. Oxon. (0) Meandrius (1. Leandrius) fcribit Milefios Απολλωνι Ovary

pro falute fua immolare. Pherecydes refert, Thefea, cum in

(k) Sa δὲ μυϑευῆαι και τὰ περι τὸν Βραγχν, καὶ tov tpl Te — Cretam ad Minotaurum duceretur, voviffe pro falute et reditu ArohAuves, STRAB. p. 634. fuo Απολλωνν Ove καὶ Apad Os. Macros. L.i. c. 17. Srrazo alfo mentions, that the Milefians invoked ArorLro by () Sram. p.421. See alfo Merrick, Tryphiod. p. 133. the title Urivs, as God of Health. P. 635. Avotto Dipyma@us, on a Milefian Medal, holds in his right (m) Οὐδ᾽ ὁσα λαῖνος εδας oPrilopos silos εεργει hand the image of Diana; on others fhe is fometimes feen alone; DoiSe Ἀπολλωνος. Homer. and on many, joined, as in the Addrefs of Brancuus, with

her Brother. (s) Curmens Atrx. p. 674. (2) Porter, V.i p. 391, 393.

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMJZEUS. 21

2

wearied with faction, decreed, he fhould govern who proved the greateft Benefa&or

jlie. Purrres returned unfuccefsful from the war allotted to him; but. Lropamas

overcame the Caryftians, and took their City. On his arrival at Miirrus he fent to

Brancuip#, as the Oracle had commanded, a captive Woman with a Child at her breaft , » ia ? and many other Offerings, the tenth of the Spoils. This Woman was much efteemed by Y e οι Brancuus, who adopted her Son. The Boy grew up, as favoured by fome Divinity, and poffeffed an underftanding fuperior to his years. He was appointed to be the bearer of the

Prophecies, and named EvaworLus (The good Meffenger) by Brancuus, whom he fucceeded (9) in

his Office. He was the Founder of the Milefian Family called from him the EvawczLIDz.

It may be remarked here, that though fome other Deities were alfo regarded as prophetic, Arorro was principally renowned’ for the frequent ufe of this talent. ence he is diftinguifhed by the fly derider, Luctan, (7) as one of the many Divinities, whofe lot was far from being fo eafy and happy, as Homer had reprefented’: for, fays Jurirer, ‘‘ undertaking a very troublefome “ occupation, he is almoft deafened by the multitudes crouding to confult him. Now he muft

* be at Dzrrur, foon after he hurries to Cotopon, then away to the Xanruus, then runs to

** Craros, then to Deros or the Brancuip# ; in fine, wherever a Prophetefs, after drinking

* from the facred Fountain, chewing Laurel, and fhaking the Tripod, commands him to be

* prefent, it behoves him inftantly to attend with his refponfes ready, or he will be undone.”

This multiplicity of bufinefs requiring order as well as difpatch, the God had ftated times of

audience and reply at the Oracles to which he belonged; being regularly in waiting on fixed

days and hours, at particular feafons, when at his own option; for inftances remain, in which he was forcibly compelled to exercife his faculty, in compliance with appellants too rude, irreveren

and boifterous, to admit the civil excufe either of his indifpofition or abfence.

But omitting the fuppofed agency of his fc&itious Godfhip, it is probable that Brancuus, before he croffed over to Mmerus, had been initiated into the myfteries of the gainful craft fo fuccefsfully eftablifhed in his native Country; and as the juggle introduced by him ftrongly refembles that praétifed at ῬΒΕΡΗΣ and other Oracular Temples of Arorro, it is not unlikely

that a mutual confcioufnefs and intelligence fubfifted between their refpedtive Managers.

The mode of confultation inftituted here was attended, befides expenfe, with much ceremony and delay; the former adopted to give folemnity, the latter contrived to gain time for confideration, and to prepare the anfwer. The Prophetefs indeed appears to have fuftained a very unpleafant character in the Farce, if, with her bathing, fhe really fafted, as was aflerted, for three entire days(;. At length, the previous rites being ended, fhe, bearing the wand

R given

(q) Conon apud Pxotium, p. 451. slavSa, πολυ yap Ancus ὑπῆρχε τὰ παραλειπομενα᾽ arr’ ἐπεὶ πρρειχε

τῶ axun reda, καὶ epu ὦ Don Pdl, ἱκανὸς ἂν, dilru περι. τι

(r) Luctan. Aw καϊηγορύμενος, T. li. p. 792. ore, ᾧημι τῆς ex Siu» ἀνϑρώποις ἐπιπεμπομένης μαϑειας, δια culo dw ir) pet 7 eura, ὺ ? pev Δ >

ἡρκεσϑην silos

(s) Ἑτερον δὲ τὸ τῶν χρησίηριων inferos καὶ εναργεσίαῖον εἴ, πολυμέρες, Καὶ μὴν ἦγε ἐν Βραγχίδαις yum χαρησμῳδὸς, eile atis εἐχυσα τὴν

«

A . 3 Yers 4 ates ; 4 4 * ενϑεον palue, περι ὁ τα τοιαύϊα wroDawus “of δ᾽ ὑδὼρ πιοίϊες, xaSamro πρώτως ὑπὸ Sis τινος παραδοϑεισαν inpia. τῆς ϑειας auyns, eile ἐπὶ αξωνος

. ᾿ 2 : 4 ἌΡ σὰ 3 E ; m ἘΣ io 4 x» Keefun ips Te Κλαρικ᾽ of δὲ, σίομιοις παρακαϑέμενοι, ὡς ab ἐν καϑημενη προλέγει ro μελλον, εἶε τὰς molas n χρασπεδὸν τι τεγγεσα τῷ

Anges ϑετπιφυσαι" of δ᾽ εξ ὑδαῖων αἼμιξομενοι, καϑαπερ αἱ ἐν Βραγχίδαις ὑδαῖι, ἡ ex τὰ ὑδαῖος νη

das τον Sev, εξ ἀπαίων ris emilia

” Tpiav dern divom Χρηδίηριων ἐμνημονευσας, wx, ὅτε μονα παρασκευαζομενη πρὸς τὴν ὑποδοχην, εξωϑεν avly μέῆαλαμβανει. L 4 xenrinel qan > X ? ‘St Ὁ a ed

Anio

2 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMZEUS.

3 .given by the God, was believed to be filled with divine light; foretold futurity, fitting on the Axle of a Wheel; or received the Deity, while enveloped in the fteam arifing from the Fountain; or on dipping her feet, or a certain hem of her Garment, into the water. Poffeffed and folaced by this inward light, fhe tarried a long while in the Sanctuary. The expecting Votary propounded the queftion to be refolved, and the God was feigned to vouchfafe utterance

through the organs of the inflated Female.

Arotto, both at Brancurp# and Dzrrmr difplayed his prefcience verbally. The talent of extemporary verfification was fuppofed to be derived from him, and the Pyrnia for many Ages gave her refponfes in verfe ; but profane Jefters affirming that of all Poets the God of Poefy was the moft wretched, fhe confulted his credit by condefcending to ufe profe; and thefe replies were converted into Metre by Bards (7) ferving in the Temple. From the fpecimens yet extant,

we may fafely pronounce the Genius of the God to have been as contemptible in Asra as in

na ECE, di

acing in both the heroic meafure, (v) the chief vehicle of his predictions :. and there

he fecms to have retreated behind a Subftitute; for, in an Infcription (x) relating to

this Temple, we find the Prophet and Poet recorded as diftin& perfons. That he acquired a very early and extenfive reputation at Brancutp#, is evinced by antient Hiftory.

When Necno, King of Ecvrr, had obtained a vi&ory over the Syrians, followed by the capture of a great City, he would not change his raiment before he had ‘confecrated a portion

of the fpoils to Arorro, and tranfmitted them thither. (y)

Crorsus, when he meditated to invade Cyrus, and confulted the Oracles, did not omit this. (x) The Anfwer only of the Delphic was remembered when Heroporus wrote; (a) but the King, profufely munificent on that occafion, dedicated his choiceft treafure, fending thither, as Heroporus was informed, (4) fimilar gifts and equal in weight to thofe be configned to Dzzrur.

In

τὸ τῶν ϑυσιων πληϑος, καὶ ὃ ϑέσμος τῆς ὅλης ὠγισίειας, Necnon et memini pedibus quater his repetitis,

dias ϑεοπρέπως, role λεῖρα τῆς Hymnum Battiadem Phoebo cantaffe Jovique,

αν ἡ e αδοῖοις exl διαϊριϑη, Paftorem Branchum: quom captus amore pudico "καὶ Yap αὐα Fatidicas fortes docuit depromere Pcean.

mella παρακλησιν τὰ Se dle παραγενισϑαι, καὶ mapecins εξωϑεν endear h Jj 3 di ; n Terentian. de Metris, V. 165. Hexametrum, ϑαυμασιαν, οἷαν cpu καὶ εἰς τὸν συνηϑη αφικεσϑαι, καὶ

apud Poetas Latin. V. ii. p. 1259.

πὸ τὴς TYAS ἕτερον τινα πρεσξυΐερον,

ον ἀπὸ τὰ tore ϑεὸν ἀποφαιδει, τὸν alios καὶ τὰ tom¥, καὶ τῆς γῆς

(x) Ὅμιβη. p. 9r.

c, xoci τῆς μαντικῆς ὅλης, — laMBLICHUS, C. xi. SAAN ude cepe, ᾧησι, See χρήϊαι τοιαύϊῃ Quw, wh τοιχδὲ πειϑοι.᾽ ; T San n nen : (y) He reigned ante Ch. 616. Herop, L.ii. c. 159.

Kos vade δ᾽ εὐελη καὶ cone εὐκαϊαφρονήϊα, λελεξῆαι yop πρὸς adl)

map Ἑλλήτιν εἰναι Seos, ὁ Πυϑιος

(5) Ante Ch. 549. Heron. L.i. c. 46.

προφηῖι

Js # Sup, 6 Πυϑίος, ἡ ὁ Au : dii oc o (a) Heron. L. i. c. 47.

μένος Ἑλληνικὸς Seas, ORIGEN contra

p.55. Edit. Cant. (6) Herop. L.i. c. 47. A Catalogue of the Delphic Offerings

may be found L.i. c. 92, 51, 54. with the weight of feveral,

which, being reduced to the Englifh ftandard, will give in part (2), Heroos efficit verfus interrogationibus confonos, ad numeros the value of thofe dedicated here. Another of his Offerings is et modos plene conclufos: quales leguntur Pythici, vel ex ora- recorded L.i. c. 38. And fee Srrano concerning the Delphic

ulis editi Branchidarum. Marcenun, L. xxix. c. 1. Treafury, p. 420.

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMUS.

[95] o2

In the following Anecdote, indeed, our God appears with far lefs dignity and importance. Pacrvas(c) had induced the Lydians to revolt from Cyrus, but fled, on the approach of an army, to Cvwr. The General demanding the fugitive, the Cymzans demurred, refolving firft to confult this Oracle, even then very antient, and commonly frequented by the Ionians and JEolians. 'The Meffengers, afking what condu& with regard to Pacryas would be moft pleafing to the Gods, were anfwered, a ‘compliance with the Perfian. The multitude, on their return, was difpofed to obey ; but Aristopicus, a principal citizen, prevented it, until the refponfe fhould be confirmed. Ακιβτοριοῦβ now went and propounded the queftion, * O King, Pacrvás a Lydian, «© dreading a violent death from the Perfians, fled to the Cymzans, who are required to furrender * him back; but we, though in awe of the Perfian power, yet have feared to do it, until we « obtain undoubted counfel from thee.” Axisropicus was difpleafed with the reply, and going round about the Temple, as he had predetermined, feized the Sparrows and Birds from their Nefts, when a voice, it was faid, reached him from the Sanctuary, ““ Moft impious of Men! * how dareft thou to plunder the Suppliants from my Temple!" But he replied, ** O King! ** doft thou interpofe for thefe Suppliants, and yet command the Cymzans to deliver up that * Suppliant?" It was anfwered, ** Yes, that for your impiety ye may fpeedily perifh, nor come ** again to the Oracle on fuch bufinefs." This Dialogue being reported, the Cymeans fent away Pacryas to MvriLENE, in order to avoid the divine vengeance, which, it was fuppofed, would attend the giving him up; ora fege, which, it was apprehended, would be the confequence

of detaining him.

The treafure confecrated by Crozsus was fo confiderable, that when Histrzus, by a meflenger from Susa, advifed the Milefians to revolt from the Perfians, and all were willing, Hecaraus, the Hiftorian, after enumerating the Nations over which Darius ruled, enlarging on his power, and diffuading them without effect, counfelled, (4) that they fhould endeavour to fecure the dominion of the fea; which, as their naval power was weak, he faw no method of attaining, unlefs by applying thefe riches of the Temple to that end; a meafure, from which he hoped much, befides the fupplying their neceffities and depriving the enemy of fuch valuable pillage : but the propofal was rejected.

The Perfians, under Xerxes the fon of Darius, afterwards defpoiled the Temple and Oracle of all their wealth, (e) fetting fire to this and the other Temples, except at Epuesus, and urging, as an example, the treatment which Sazprs (/) had experienced from the Ionians, when in their pofieflion. This monarch was particularly angry with the Milefians, (g) believing they had

behaved ill defignedly in the fea engagement with the Arnenrans at Satamis.

The Brancuip#, who fided with the Perfian, became on his mifcarriage the voluntary com- panions of his flight, (4) to avoid the punifhment due to their treachery and facrilege.

8 It

(ὦ Heron. L.i. c. 157. (g) Tele δὲ ailov ἐπενεγκὼν Minis ἐϑελοκακῆσαι σφας nalla Αϑηναιων

ἐν τῇ Ἑλλαδὶ ναυμαχησαύϊας, τον χαλκον ἐλαδεν Απολλωνα τον ἐν Βραγχιδαις"

4) Heron. L. v. €. 3 v ue ga καὶ τὸ μὲν ὑσῖερον ἐμελλε χρόνῳ Σέλευκος καϊαπεμψειν Μιληειοις, PAUSAN.

(ὁ Hxxop, τον Ὁ L. viii. p. 694. See Justin. L. ii. c. 12.

|f) Heron. L.v. c. 102. (b) SrRAs. p. 634.

^

54 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMJEUS.

It is likely the Milefians were too much impoverifhed and depreffed to attempt dire@ly the reftoration of their Temple; nor is it certain when they began to rear the Fabric now in ruins. But the Architeéts were Pronrus an Ephefian, and Darnmwis of Mirsrus. The former, with Demeraius a fervant of Diana, was faid to have completed her Temple at Ernzsus, which fits was of the Ionic Order, and had been planned, but not finifhed, by CrzsiPHox

the Cnoffian, and his Son Mzraczwzs, the Authors of a Treatife on it;

The Age in which Prowius fourifhed, fome perhaps will imagine, may be difcovered from the hiftory of the Ephefian Temple. But it fhould be remembered, the Edifice he completed was that which was begun or intended in the reign of Cnozsus; for many of the Pillars were prefented by him; this being the Temple which rofe on the contribution of all Asta, and was two hundred years about; as alfo, that fpared by Xerxes, and of which Srrazo declares, Currsipuron was the original Archite&, that it was enlarged by another Perfon, and finally burned by Herosrrarus. This event happened on the night when Axrexanpsr was born. The Ephefians difplayed great zeal for its immediate reftoration, felling the old Pillars, and beftowing even the ornaments of female drefs, to render it fuperior in magnificence to the other: and this was the ftru&ure, of which ArzxaNpER offered to defray the whole expenfe for the honour of infcribing it. The Archite& was the famous Proje&or who propofed to

Axexanpgr, after perfecting this Temple, to form Mount Arnos into a Statue of him, in the

attitude of making a libation, with a river i luing from a beaker in one hand, running into a patera held in the other, and then vifiting two Cities to be founded one on each fide. (à) Prowius therefore is to be placed toward the end of the two hundred years above. mentioned ;

but it is not exa@ly known when that term commenced or expired.

The Artift, who made the uet flourifhed in the ninety fifth Olympiad, (&) or about one hundred and twenty four years after Xznxzs deftroyed the Temple, twenty two before ALEXANDER’s Expedition, and three hundred and fifty fix before the Chriftian JEra.

This

(ἢ See SrRas. p. 640, In Virruvivs the name of the Curystppon, or CunzsipHzoN. The Greek Codices of Srrazo Architect who made this propofal to Avzxawpzm is Divocrares. — feem to have retained the true reading, CuersipHron. PHILANDER. Id autem opus (templum Jovis Olympii Athenis) non modo Jam tum. (fub Servio rege) inclutum Diane Ephefiz fanum: id

vulgo, fed etiam in paucis a magnificentia nominatur Nam communiter a civitatibus A fiae factum fama ferebat. Liv. L.i. c. 45.

quatuor locis funt zdium facrarum marmoreis Operibus ornate

difpofitiones, a quibus proprie de his nominationes clariffima

fama nominantur. Quorum excellentiz, prudentesque cogita- tionum apparatus fufpe&us habent in Deorum feflimonio. — Pri-

mumque «des Ephefi Diane Tonico genere ab Ctefiphonte

Cnoffio et filio ejus Metagene eft inftituta, quam poftea Deme-

trius ipfius Dianz fervus, et Peonius Ephefius dicuntur perfeciffe-

Mileti Apollinis item Ionicis fymmetriis idem Peonius Daphnis-

que Milefius inftituerunt, Eleufine Cereris er Proferpinzs.-—In Afty vero Jovem Olympium.---Virruy. Pref, L. vii.

ftylos et pronao et poftico, fed circa edem

Dipteros autem oct

165. columnarum, uti eft zedes Quirini Dorica,

et Ephefis Diane Ionica a Ctefiphonte confütuta. Li iii:

Magnificentia vera admiratio exítat templum Ephefie Diar

200 annis factum a tota Afia.---Operi prefuit Cherfiphron Arch

Pum. L. x

i.c. 14. p. 740. Laudatus eft et Ctefiphon

s ede Ephefie Diane admi

bili fabricata, L. vii. p. 3c

Ma

ripts have, in the above paffages, CazsreHow, or

53)

Kpoiy δὲ εὖ, αναϑημαῖα εν Ἐφεσῳ, αἱ τε Boss αἱ Χχρυσεαι καὶ τῶν κιονων

αἱ morass, Heropor. L. i. c. 92.

(k) Nonagefima quinta Olympiade floruere---Canachus---Cente- fima quartadecima Lyfippus fuit, cum et Alexander Magnus.--- Ita diftinétis celeberrimorum statibus, infignes raptim tranfcurram,

fa.---Canachus, Apollinem nudum,

reliqua. multitudine pafüim difp qui Philefius cognominatur in Didymzo, ZEginetica aeris tem- peratura: Cervumque una ita veftigiis fufpendit, ut linum fubter pedes trahatur, alterno morfu digitis calceque retinentibus folum, ita vertebrato dente utrisque in partibus, uta repulfu per vices

refiliat. Idem et Celetizontas pueros fecit. —Priw. Hift. Nat.

dv. p.649, 655. Edit, Delph.

ibus mox digitos mox calcem credas herere folo:

dentes ita funt vertebratis offibus fimiles, mo

lesque ac flexiles in

utrisque partibus,

ftatim alii per vices, boc efl, fi levos pellas, dextri JE dextros, levi

dextris five finiftris, ut fi unum pellas

Interpres in loc.

; | Ϊ

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMAUS. 35

2

This very eminent Mafter was a Sicyonian, named Canacuus, and a Scholar of PorvcreTus

the Argive.(/) Several of his Works are on record,

as the Boys riding a fingle Horfe; (4) one

of the Images reprefenting the Worthies who with Lysanper acquired renown at JEGosPoTAMos,

in the Delphic Temple ; (m) the Statue of Bucsrrus, the firft Sicyonian who conquered as a Pugil

among the Boys, at Otympra ; (πὴ

and a Statue of VzNus, at Sicyon,

in gold and ivory. (0)

He worked in marble alfo, (2) as well as in thefe precious materials; and had a Brother, named

Arisrocies, who was. little inferior to him’ in reputation. (7)

The Arotto Dipymaus, or Putesius, as he

JEginetic temperature, naked, (ὦ) and, holding a Lyre.

of BarsiNus he bears in one hand,

with his Temple in the other.

is fometimes ftyled, was formed in brafs of

as reprefented on Medals of Aucustus and CaLIGULA,

By him was a Stag ingenioufly balanced and contrived, (2) which on a Medal

The Apotto Ismentus at

THEBES was executed by the fame CawacHUs, in cedar, and refembled this at Dipvwi fo much,

that Pausawias remarks, it was eafy for one who had feen either, and heard the name of the

Mafter, to pronounce by whom the other was made.

With what magnificence and prodigious fpirit this new Edifice was defigned, may in fome

meafure be colle&ed from the prefent remains.

Srraso has termed it “ the greateft of all Temples,"

adding, it continued without a roof on account of its bignefs ; PausawiAs mentions it as unfinifhed,

but as one of the wonders peculiar to Iowa;

and Virruvius numbers this among the Four

Temples which had raifed their Archite@s to the fummit of renown. (s)

It is remarkable, the

Seats of Arotro; and when thofe failed, he was fuppofed to forfake thefe.

vicinity of a Spring was deemed a necefflary adjun& to the Oracular

Hence their mutual

coexiftence is infifted on in a refponfe (4) given by the God concerning the filent Oracles, in which

he declares that innumerable

Earth, both Fountains and whirly Exhalations :

divine Oracular Sources had burft forth on the furface of the

and fome the Earth opening had again received

into its bofom, and fome in a long feries of years had perifhed; but that Arorro ftill enjoyed

the infpiring Mycaleian Water in the recefs of Dipvur, with the Delphic,

and that at Cranos. (x)

Of the three Springs which remained, as aflerted above, the unabforbed property of the God,

the Caftalian has been fo much celebrated,

(ἢ Pavsaw. L.ii. p. 154. L. vi. p. 483. L. vii. Ρ. 570.

(m) Pausan. L.x. p. 820.

(2) Pausan. L. vi. p.

3

(0) Pausan. L.ii. p. 134.

(p) Pris. L. xxxvi. p. 731.

(4) Pausan. L. vi. p. 459, 473.

(r) Pausan. L. i P. 134: L. ix. p. 730.

(5) Srras. p. 634. Pausan. L. vii. p. 533. Vrravv. Pref. L. vii,

ὁ ΑἈπολλων.

(2) Tepe τῶν εἐκλελοιποῖων χρησίηριων ἔχρησεν αὐ Aus de Πυϑὼ οἱ (1, και) Κλαριην(ε omittend.) μαϊευμαῖα Poly Αὐδησει Qalis nucleon ϑεμῆωδεσιν ομῷαις.

Mupia μὲν Younes μαϑηϊα ϑεσκελα νωῖῳ

that its extraordinary qualities are very generally

known.

Ἐξλυσϑη, wnyas τε καὶ ασϑμαῖα δινηεῆα"

Καὶ τὰ μὲν cp χϑονιοισιν ὑπαι κολποισιν εθεκῖο A γαια χανυσα τὰ δ᾽ wirst βύριος αἰων, Mew δ᾽ Ἠελιῳ QueripGpdlo til. cow

Ey Διδυμὼν γυαλοις Mu

Jap,

νασσιον αἰπος,

nov ενϑ'

τ᾿ ἀνα πεζὰν παι I

Kat κραναη Κλαριη, pny σίομα Φοιξαϑος qure.

Evszz. Prep. Evang. L. v. c. 16.

(x) Hence thefe three Oracular Seats are jointly noted by the Geographer, as diftinguifhed by his frequent prefence.

vot? "rsdog---

πολλάκις αὐος Απολλων

nex KAaps ah βεξηκως

αναλυῆαι dupa Φαρέρης.

Dios. Perieg. v. 445.

36 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO: DIDYMUS.

P

known. The Clarian feems to have rivalled it in the claim of poetic energy, though lefs liberal in the communication, the Prieft only partaking of it. This perfonage was ufually unlearned, and ignorant of metre; yet after hearing folely the number and names of the Confulters, going down into the cavern, and drinking of this hidden Fountain, he uttered anfwers compofed in

verfe upon the Subje&s mentally required by each. He was taken from certain Families only,

and moftly of Mirzrus.

From the Ufages before defcribed as introduétory to the act of Prophecy at Brancuipz, it appears that water was fometimes applied there in a different manner, though for obtaining the fame end; and, if the Prophet did not drink, yet the divine enthufiafm was fuppofed to be derived from this Mycaleian Fountain, as it is called, being fabled perhaps to have its fource on Mount Mycatz, as a water was by the Port Panormus, (x) againft Brancurpz, which, they affirmed, emerged there, after pafling, like the Arrnuzus, through the intermediate Sea: for CaLLisTHENzs, the Hiftorian, (y) after relating that the Prophet of Jurrrer Hammon, contrary to the ufual mode, had anfwered ArrxawpzR in words, that he was the Son of Jurrrer, afferted, that the Oracle at Brancurp# having been forfaken by Arorro, and the Fountain dried up, from the time Xerxes pillaged the Temple, the latter had then flowed anew, and the Milefian Embafladors going to Memruts reported many Prophecies concerning the divine Birth of ArzxawDza,

his future Vi&ory at Am»zra, the Death of Darius, and other great events to come.

The judicious Srrazo marks this narration as extravagant; and indeed it may be afked why the Milefians, if their Oracle was then thus prefcient, were either fo inattentive to it, fo irreligious, or ill advifed, as to exclude this Arzxawpzm (z) even though admitted by the other Ionian Cities, until his Gallies arriving, and the Macedonians preparing to ftorm, they endeavoured to efcape fome in fkifls, fome on their bucklers to the Ifland once before the City, as feen in Plate I. but were intercepted at the mouth of the Port; about three hundred only getting to it. ArzxawpEm, to reduce thefe, fent Veffels provided with Ladders to enable the Soldiers to afcend the Shore, then fteep; but on obferving they were ready to undergo any

extremity, he pardoned them for their bravery, and received them inta his fervice. (a)

The Bzaawcui»z, who fled with Xerxes, had been permitted to fettle among the Bacrai,

in a region remote from Gresce and the dread of punifhment. (4) They encompaffed their Town with walls, and called it by their own name. Arrxawpzm, furmounting every obftacle

in his way with a rapidity next to incredible, arrived here in five years(c) after the taking

MiLerus. Their pofterity ftill retained the primitive manners, but were become double- tongued, (x) Pausan. Eliac. A. Milefiorum legatos Memphim profectos multa refponfa attuliffe,-—- Interpres. 4.

15, xo Βραγχίδαις Tus αἀποϑεσπισεις δια Aoy > Rez

ep ev Δελ

(2) Srnan. p.635.

μᾶσι καὶ σ' ; 4 5 dois μαϑδειον ἐκλελοιπόῖος,, εξ ore

idu» σεσυληϊο ems περσισαϑίων, εκλελοιπυιας (a) ΕΒΕΙΝΒΗΕΜ. Supplem. to Q. Curtius.

ἦτε xenon ἀνασχοι, καὶ μαδεια πολλά οἱ Miri

* ** χομισ

ἐς εἰς Μεμῷιν περι τὴς ex Atos 7. (2) SrRas. p. 517.

nS ἐσομενης + ApEnra wus, xas re Aapers

Et fons defeciffet; et hunc tum denuo featuriiffe, et (c) Ann. ZEtat. 28. Imperii2, Ante Ch. 328.

|

| |

THe Pues OF APOLLO. DIDY MAUS. 3

N

tongued, not {peaking either the language of their Progenitors, or that of the Country in EA I 8 BUS 5 ? y which they now lived, with purity. They received the King joyfully, furrendering their y 2 ᾿ g J 4 o perfons and City. But Arzxawpzm, knowing the old grudge, commanded.the Milefians who ferved in his Army to be aflembled, and referred to them the confideration, which fhould preponderate, whether the memory of the antient injury done by the Brancuipx, or a regard

for their original extraction. They varied in opinion, and it was fignified that he would

determine. The following day, Deputies attended on him from the Baawcur»s. He ordered, they fhould accompany him, and entering the Gate with a light-armed Party, direded the Phalanx to furround the Walls, and, on a fignal being given, to pillage this receptacle of Traitors, putting all to the Sword ; which they did, unrefifted, regardlefs of the conformity in language, of intreaty, or fupplication ; and demolifhed the confecrated Groves, dug up the foundations, and erafed even the veftiges of the Town, fo that the fite remained a bare folitude and barren wafte. (4) The warmeft Advocates for Arzxawprm have cenfured this feverity

as mifplaced; falling not on the real tranfgreffors, but their guiltlefs defcendants, who had Ps 2 5 o o ?

never feen Mrterus, much lefs betrayed the Temple to Xzaxss. (e)

As to the filence of the Oracle when deferted by the Brancurpa, it probably continued only until the damage then fuftained was fo far repaired as to enable new Managers to refume the craft. And this had been accomplifhed before Auexanper got poflefüon of Mirzrus; for then a Macedonian Soldier, named Sexeucus, (f) who proved afterwards one of his fucceffors, curious of futurity, was faid to have confulted concerning his return, and to have received for aníwer,

Ma σπευδ᾽ Evewany, Agm ros πολλὸν ἀμεινῶν.

Hafle not to Europe, Afia is far better for you.

And on afking about his death,

Acyos ἀλευομένος, o πεπρώμέενον εἰς dc ἡξεις.

Εἰ d" Aeya πελάσαις, role Xe) παρα moray ολοιο.

Avoiding Argos, you will attain your’ deftined age; but if you go

to Argos, you may ferifb by a violent death.

The latter reply made him follicitous in his enquiries after places fo called, and cautious not to approach them; the former feeming verified by the exalted ftation he enjoyed in Asia, as it was finally confirmed by his death, for pafling over into Evrorz in the feventy third year of his age and the forty fecond of his reign, he was killed at Lvsrwacura. One inftance of the piety for which he is celebrated, and of his regard for the Temple at Brancuips, was this, that he reftored to it a brazen image of the God, which in the time of Xerxes had been carried away to Ecsarana in Menara. (g)

J| U The

(d) Q. Curt. L.vii c. 5. ZELtaw. Fragm. p. 790. Edit. 1685. (f) Appian. Syriac. p. 198, 207, 208. Edit. 1670. and Suipas in Βραγχιδαι.

(e) Puvrarcn. p.557. T. ii. Edit. Parif. (g) Pausan. Li. p. 39.

HE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM.EUS.

bo [5

d Brothers, SziEucus and AwTrocnus, difplayed a like difpofition in their

; and munificence to his Temple; as appears from a curious record copied by Conful Sxerarp, who vifited this fpot in 1709. and again in 1716, publifhed by

CuisuutL.(D) It was infcribed on a fquare piece of marble, beneath a fhed, on the North fide

of the Temple; and is an Epiftle of King Szrizucus to the Milefians, with a Catalogue of the royal donations which accompanied it; the Cups, Bowls, and Utenfils, of various fizes

ions, of gold and filver, exceeding in value one thoufand three hundred and

and denom

fifty pounds Sterling; befides precious Incenfe and coftly Ointments, of which no eftimate can be made, and the dedication of twelve Altars, with a thoufand Vi&ims for facrifice: the occafion being the unexpected fafety of Sznzucus when fuppofed to be killed in battle; together with a peace for ten years, agreed on between them and Prorguv EvercEres. (ἢ Demopamas alfo, their General, after penetrating beyond the borders of the Socprant, where ArrxawpER had founded a third City called by his name, and Altars were placed by Baccuus, Hercutes, SeMIRAMIs, and Cyrus, as memorials of the extent of their Expeditions, remembered, thus afar off, the favourite Deity of his Mafters, and on the mutual boundary of the Perfian and Scythian terri-

tories, erected his Altars to Aporto Dipymaus, (ἢ

Among the benefa&ors mentioned in another Infcription, is Prustas the third, furnamed Cynecus, or The Hunter, King of Brruynra, who dedicated (1) certain Firft-fruits, probably of the Attalic fpoils, as the learned Cuisuurr conje&ures; the royal Pillager, who had carried off JEÉscuLAPIUs on his own fhoulders when he facked Prrcamus, hoping, it is likely, to compenfate for his impieties there by his liberality here. "The fhare which this Arorro was reputed to have had in his profperity, with the veneration fhown by his Succeflor for fo propitious a Deity, is

commemorated in verfes addrefled to his Son NicowrEpzs by Scymnus the Chian. (zu)

Such were the Offerings of antient Art, with which this Temple alfo, according to Srrazo, (7)

was moft fumptuoufly adorned;

From thefe fpecimens it may be concluded, the additions made to the Sacred Repofitories, contained, with the Oracle, in diftin& Cells, (z) were infcribed annually on Marble; and the curious will regret that fo authentic a Regifter, though committed to fo durable a fubftance, has yet not efcaped to us entire and legible. It was hoped, the Remnants already publifhed might have been enlarged by farther Tranferipts; but after diligent fearch among the ruins and rubbifh which cover the fpot to a confiderable extent, fome fragments only, too imperfe& to be inferted here, were found, excepting the fhort Infcription in the Head-piece to this Chapter,

the

(4) Antiquitat. Afiat. p. 65. ] Ta τῆς βασιλειας πρόϊερον, ὡς ἀχνομεν,

(ἢ Ante Ch. Ann. 243. Παρὰ σοι re, βασιλευ, γνησίως τιμώμενον Kala malas Τὸν Απολλωνα τὸν εν Διδυμοις λέγω, (4) Sourwus, Mem. Afice, p. 104. Tov καὶ Sepiclevovlegwnces [sey iro, V. 55. (ἢ Ante Ch. 156. Cnisn. Antiquitat. Afiat, p. 94. (2) P. 634.

2) (m) Διο καὶ τῇ προϑέσει συμβελον ἐπελεξαμην

Tor συγκαϊορϑωσαῦα καὶ τῳ ow males (0) SrRan. p. 634.

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMAUS.

UU ©

the fingle word MNHE OH, and the following, in large and plain characters, on a Íquare piece of veined marble fixed on its fide in the wall of a ruined Mofque by the Temple. It was copied before by Mr. Woop, as well as the two given from Parise and Tros; and by Conful Suerarp, being mentioned by Cmismuir (5) as referved for the fecond part of his

Afiatic Antiquities.

HPOOHTHZAMAKAIK** TAPXHZMAPKOTOTAIIOT BIANOYAAMATOXZXKTPEIN BIANOZOIAEAZXAABQONIIAPA THEZHATPIAOZTHNHPOOHTE NAKAHPOTEIETONONEIK**zIT QNZTEOANHOOPOZUTYMNAZIAPXO*

MATEPQNIFENOTZINATAPX@NKAIKI

TONHATPOZOAAAMAMHTPOZAEOTZ/ BIANHZPTAAOTPAXAPXIEPEONTONZE BASTONHOIHZANTONGEQOPIAZEHIF ' MEPAZAEKAKAIMONOMAXIAZAIIOTI MOTZEHIHMEPAZAEKAATOKAIAPXIEP QNTHEZIONIAZHOIHZANTONAEKAIE **yEIZKAIAHMOGOINIAZKAITTMN AOZEI

To the Infcriptions difcovered here, we owe, among other curious particulars, the knowledge we have of fome of the principal Officers concerned in the management of the Temple. Of thefe the Srepbamepborus was the Chief Prieft, fo named from his wearing a Crown when employed in his fun@ion. (7) The Prophet reported the anfwers of the Oracle, (s) and was ele&ed by the Lots, (a mode of divination, which it is believed the Priefts could bias or interpret at will) except when fuperior merit or intereft prevented a competition, as in the inftance of Fravianus Puress in the preceding Infcription, and of one Ῥοβιρονιῦβ in another, well cut in large characters, on a marble in the wall of a ruined building by a Turkifh Burying-ground near

Mizerus, he being chofen by the God, after the Lots had thrice made him the Stephanephorus.

X ETXE-

(2) Antiquitat. Afia. p. 93. The Copy of thefe Infcrip- tions mentioned in his Preface is now in the Britihh Mufeum,

This Infcription may be found

Seupiae eri [n]

μέρας dox, καὶ μονομαχιας amdhi-

μὲς ἐπὶ ἡμέρας δέκα δυο" καὶ ἀρχιε} 4

av τῆς Ἰωνιας romoailay δὲ καὶ ε

καὶ δημοϑοινιας καὶ γυμν-

[ror apre

(r) Potrzr, V. 1. p. 206, 403.

(s) P. 277.

40 THE TEMPLE OFsAPOLLO DIDYMZUS.

EYZEBEZTINKAHPOISHOSEIAQNIE TPIXXEAAXONTA A'""KOMAIENAIATMOIZZTEM MAZSINAOANATOIS TOIONONAIIOAAQNZEIPOOHTHN HZIHAZATATTOZ AHMMAKPIZINMHTPOZTETZEBIHN AIKAXAZ OTKAEOXOTAAIQONEIIAHZETAI ANAPATAPEIAEN ^QNIHPINAEITOYPUTONOYAENIAEI ΠΟΜΕΝΟΝ

The Przefe&s and Adfeffors were entrufted with the cuftody of the facred Treafures, and the care of the Temple and its fanctity, Which required their prefence almoft continually ; and here, the latter met and determined queftions of Right, probably concerning the privilege of facrificing and confulting before others, an article of fome importance occurring frequently in Infcriptions among the favours and honours conferred on particular occafions, as a reward of diftinguifhed merit; and from this power they are termed the Paredri or Adíeflors of AroLLo. That fuch was the nature of this Office appears from the account preferved by Srrazo (z) of the Amphic- tyonic College at Dzreur The number of the Prafeds and Adfeffors commonly recorded in the Preamble to the Infcriptions is two; but in a fingle inftance one only is mentioned, which may have been owing to the death of his Colleague; and in another the Prefeéts alone are commemorated with the Stephanephorus, and in number fix.

Befides thefe, the Poct, and fome other Officers, of whom we have only very imperfect infor- mation, many perfons of inferior rank were conftantly employed in the fervice of the Temple. The Alydrophorus, or Water-carrier, was named in a fragment we copied. All thefe, with the Sellers of Provifion, Incenfe, and other articles neceflary to life, or requifite in the Heathen worfhip, fettling with their Families on the fpot, formed a Village, within the Peribolus of the Temple, (x) fupported by the concourfe of Votaries, and enriched as it were by the immediate

influence of the Deity; and, as belonging to the God, both accounted and called Sacred, () with the diftrié round about it; which for that reafon was, on the Treaty between the Romans and Awnriocuus, reftored by the ten Legates to the Milefians, by whom it

abandoned. (zx)

had been

Under

(f) Ἐυσεξεσιν κληροις, Tloreidune, [T]o πριν as

(1) SrRas. p. 419.

(X) Κωμης ye» καοικιαν ὁ τὰ ones περίβολος δεδικῖαι. STRAB. Ρ. 634.

nemaca αὐῇος,

Λῆμμα,

plow, μηΐρος τ᾿ ευσεξιην (y) Tranfgrefi Maandrum, ad Hieran Comen pervenerunt,

δικασας"

Ou xAtos xd? ctw επιλησέϊαιν"

ανδρα yop tA) z) Liv. L. xxxviii c. 39. ῬΟΙΥΒ, p. 1172, pa yap 3

Fanum ibi auguftum Apollinis et oraculum. Liv, L. xxxviii, c. 12.

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMUS. 41

Under the Romans, the Arts of Prophecy in general, and the Oracles, declined in reputation ; that people attending chiefly to the Sibylline Books, and the Etrufcan modes of Divination by Entrails, Birds, and Signs in the air.(a) To this contemptuous negle& may be partly attributed a chafm in the Hiftory of this Temple until the reign of Τιβεκιῦβ, when the grand caufe of the numerous Greek Asvra, of which many, it was alledged, were arbitrarily eftablifhed, filling the Temples with profligate fugitives of every kind, and producing fedition among the People, by whom their villainies were protected as a matter of religion, was pleaded before the Roman Senate (4) by Deputies from each City, and thofe from Mirerus infifted on a grant from King

Darius. The regulations enacted for limiting thefe San&uaries were ordered to be engraven on

braf and fufpended for a memorial in the Temples.

In the Year after this tranfactien, the Afiatic Cities decreed a Temple to be confecrated at their Expenfe to the Emperor Tinertus, his Mother, and the Senate, and obtained permiflion to ere& it, for which Nero publickly thanked the Fathers and his Grandfire.(c) Eleven Cities became competitors for the honour of poffeffing this intended Fabric, and Treertus with the Senate attended for many days to the allegations of their feveral Embaffadors ; after which Smyrna was fele@ed, (4) it being urged that Pzrcamus was already diftinguifhed by the Temple of Aucusrus, and Mirgrus with Ernzsus employed on the Ceremonies of their refpeétive Deities Diana and

APOLLO.

Abfurd and impious as this conceffion was from Tiserius, it appears modeft and rational (e) when compared with the felf-deifications of the monfter Caricura, who wantonly affumed, or laid afide, the ftyle and chara&er of this or that Divinity as caprice fuggefted; was now a new Baccuus, and prefently metamorphofed into an Arorro, his hair encircled with a radiated crown, the bow and arrow in his left hand and the Graces in his right. (f) He even meditated to rob the Deity of his Temple at Brancuipa, commanding the Milefians to allot a facred Portion to his own Divinity, (g) preferring their City, as he pretended, becaufe Ernrsus was pre- occupied by Drana, Prercamus by Aucusrus, and Smyrna by Tiszrrus, but in reality from a defign to fabftitute himfelf in the room of their Arorro, and to appropriate to his own worfhip this great and moft beautiful Fabric, (4) which he intended to render more worthy of

this diftin@ion by completing what remained unfinifhed in the Structure. (ἢ

The attention beftowed on the new and fafhionable Divinities, many felf-created, about this time, diminifhed the popular efteem and veneration before poffefled by the old Set, already

yy languifhing

(a) SrRAnO, p. 813. (g) Zoxanas, p. 558. (b) Ann. Ch. 22. U. C. 775. Tacrr. Annal. L. iii. c. 60, 63. (b) Dion. Cassius, p. 933. Edit. 1752.

(ὦ Tacim. L.iv. c. 15. Ann. U.C. 776. Ch. 23. (ὦ Mileti Didymzum peragere. Suzrow. Vit. Caric. C. 21. In other Authors alfo this Edifice is fometimes ftyled the (d) Ann. U.C. 779. Ch. 26. Tacit. L. iv, c. 55, 56. Dipv zov. This circumftance probably is alluded to on a Medal of Caricvra, on which is a naked Arorro holding the Lyre, with the Legend MIAHZIQN AIAYMETS, V. Carsm. p. 90.

(e) Tacrr. Ann. L. iv. c. 37.

(f) Pumo Jun. p. 559. Edit. 1742.

42 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMZUS.

languifhing with age, and gradually tending to decay. Hence at Bnawcurpz an Altar was fhown made by Hercuzss the Tuenan, (4) as the Milefians affirmed, with the blood of Victims ; (ἢ but Pausawias, who relates this article, adds, that latterly the blood of the Sacrifices had not arifen to any amazing bulk. And the Oracles, which had been artfully founded on reigning Superftition by an induftrious and crafty Priefthood, neceffarily declined in reputation with the Deity to whom each belonged, but ftill continued to linger on, revered by the Devotee and derided by the Philofopher, until their final period, which happened fooner or later in pro- portion to the abilities of their refpe&ive Managers; now affording matter of juft wonder that

fuch contemptible Frauds could fubfift fo long on human credulity.

From the Specimens produced in the preceding Pages, the Reader will have conceived but

a mean idea of the Oracular Refponfes uttered at BnawcHiD, which, as in other places, were commonly enigmatical, equivocal, ambiguous and unfatisfa&ory, as will be farther evinced in the Sequel of this. Narration, as well as by the two following inftances, which may ferve alfo for

Examples of the Verification, from which the Oracle derived fome renown, (zz)

It happened that nine Woodcutters were found dead on the Mountains. The neighbouring Peafants confulted Apotto on this occafion, who replied, thefe were ftruck dead by Paw, that Diana had interpofed to refcue the others, and that it behoved them to render her propitious

by fupplication. (z)

Another queftion propofed was, Whether it was proper to take an Oath when required. "The Reply contained a recital of the manner in which the Deities were engaged by their pleafures or occupations, (o) totally evafive, unlefs it be conftrued to imply that they had no regard to

this matter.

The God, however, ventured fometimes to anfwer explicitly, when the Queftion had no dangerous tendency, and he was certain never to be contradiéed. Thus, when confulted concerning the

Soul, whether it was immortal, he replied exprefily in the Affirmative. (2)

This

(EK) Pausan. L. v. p. 410. (0) Meeps μὲν Μακάρων μελῆαι Τῆηνιδι "Pay

Avro καὶ

pm.

i " ὧν παῖα καὶ ϑηλυς ὁμιλος" (1) At Detos, A»orro had an altar raifed with the horns, and IES LNs CET LA

Παλλαδι δ᾽

es : ᾿ Ἄν τ" ἣν fooSes τὰ ἘΠῚ’ in Bozorsa one compofed of the afhes of his Victims. Porver, ls rgnes

Ῥ. 283, 288. Καὶ βαλιαις σκυλάκεσσι, BaSvoxom

ἀνὰ paves, Onpas ορειονομὰς ελαειν Ληϊωϊδι καρῃ, (m) Liv. L. xxxviii. c. 12.

Qn)

αλϑὴ κομεειν σαι

1σιδὶ δ᾽ αν d

τῶν ϑέων, amen δὴ adl πάσης αρῆης αῷ

5 ὅτι μηδὲν, cwPpocvns, μηδὲ mue; αλλης πραξεως μελῆαι τῇ προειρημι thw δὴ adl προς τὸν δι 1 5

Stodian καὶ μακαριον ovilenos ἂν Cors ἐπίσκεψαι δὲ, mila cu Suas εἰναι

δόκει

easy ἡ φανλης καὶ μοχϑηρόϊαϊης τὰ ἕξης εἐπιλεγομενα. z Hex np 3 yop

Euszz, Prep. Evang. L.v. ς, 7.

Evsrm. Prep. Evang. L.v. c. 6. (2) Yuya

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMUS. 43

This pofition is faid to have been firft maintained and fpread among the heathens by T'uarss,

^ * a native of Mizerus.

The futility of the Refponfes in general fuppofed to be dicated by Apotto Dipymaus, if we may judge from thofe extant, with his impotency in avenging the infult of Anmisropicus, and in protecting his own property from the Brancuip# and Xerxes, to omit any farther inftances, was fo great, we may reafonably wonder that it did not deftroy in an early Age the reputation of the God and Oracle, and ftill more that both continued in fome efteem long after

Paganifm itfelf began to decline.

Lucran, who lived under the Anrontnas, relates, that a Prieft of Tyana confulted the Pfeudo- Prophet Axexanpsr, Whether the Oracles then delivered at Dipym1, CraRos, and Dzrrur, were really given by Arorro; but was anfwered, That was a Secret not proper for him to know: and, that the Impoftor endeavoured to procure the good-will of the Didymzan Oracle by

frequently recommending it to his Followers, faying, (7)

Βραίγίδεων advlows πελαζεογ καὶ κλὺς χεησμῶν.

Go to tbe Temple of the Branchide, and liften to the Oracles.

Another Author, who flourifhed about the time of the Emperor Szverus, Ciemens of Axexanprra, after degrading the Gentile Temples, though lofty, magnificent, and fumptuoufly adorned, as fometimes places of burial, and receptacles of dead carcaffes, inftances, with Arnostus, this at Brancuip# among others, a Milefian Writer relating that CrzangcHUs was interred

in it. (7)

At what period the Clarian Oracle finally ceafed is not certainly known. It was extin& when Srraso wrote, (s) but revived again, was confulted by Germanicus, (¢) and foretold, obfcurely, his untimely death. It is mentioned alfo by Lucian as ftill exifting, with the Delphic and Didymean ; and afterwards by lawsLrcHUs, who lived about the Age of Consranrine. This Emperor removed the facred Tripods from Dzreur to CowsrANTINOPLE, and fixed them in the Hippodrome, adorning his City with the Statues of the heathen Gods and the pillage of their Temples. And the Delphic Oracle foon afterwards declined being confulted, bidding his Meffen- gers acquaint Junin (z) that the Temple was proftrate on the ground, and Arorro no longer pofieffed his prophetic Laurel, or fpeaking Fountain, but that even the beautiful water was extinct.

Z The

(p) Ψυχη μέχρις € δίσμοις προς oxen xpoleilaa (r) Cremens ALEXAND. p. 39. Edit. Oxon. Arnos. adv.

Safle νουσα παϑὴ Sula αλγηδοσιν εἰκει, Gentes, L. vi. p. 193. Dro. Lazar. L. i. Ἥνικα δ᾽ αναλυσὶν βρόϊεην pile copa μαρανϑὲν

ὃ Vi Nis 4 ald all al (s) Srras. p. 642. Ὡκυσῖην εὐρηῖαι ἐς αἰϑερα ware Φορεῖαι,

(£) Ann. U.C. 771. Ch. 18. Tacrr. Annal. L. ii. c. 54.

: is Aun αγηραῖος «σα, γένει δ᾽ ἐς παμπαν. clepns

"

Tipsloyovos yap τεῖο Sex didlake πρόνοια. Botssarn, p. 137. (4) Em

τῷ βασιληι, χαμαι πεσε δαιδαλος avr, Owx£i Φοιξος ἔχει καλυξαν, w alid Sabon, -

fq) Lucraw. ᾿Αλέξανδρος, T.ii p.236. Edit. 1743. Ov maya» λαλευσαν, amecGélo καὶ καλὸν ὕδωρ, "THEODORET.

44 ΗΕ EMP LE Oe eA Olds ©! ΠΥ Ν 8.

t

The fortune, which the Didymean Temple experienced under Constantine, is not perhaps on récord ; but the Oracle, which furvived that crifis fo extenfively fatal to Gentilifm, was confulted by Licinnius, his Colleague in the Empire, concerning the Event of the War they were about to commence with each other; and, it was affirmed, the Daemon replied in a :couplet from Homer, (y) being part of Diomen’s fpeech to Nestor, when furrounded with Enemies and in imminent danger from Hecror, ** Youthful Warriors affail thee, thy vigour is gone, and grievous ‘© Old Age comes upon thee:” and this anfwer was fuppofed to be verified, Constantine prevailing,

and his» Competitor being reduced to live privately at (Dsssarowica, where he was afterwards

killed.

In the mutual ftruggles which enfued between Gentilifm and Chriftianity, it is likely, © that

Arotto Dipywzus was extolled by one Party and depreciated by the other, and his Temple

honoured or neglected in proportion as either prevailed moft in its neighbourhood, until the Apoftacy of ]Jurraw; an ra, when his Worfhip reflourifhed, and the God arofe again in

Glory with an Emperor for his Prophet.

This great Reftorer and Reformer of the Greck Ritual diftinguifhed the Didymzan "Temple with evident marks of his fuperior regard. The Chriftians having ére&ed Oratories near to it in honour of their Martyrs, he wrote to the Governor of Canra (z) to confume them with fire if they had a roof and the Sacred Table ; and, even if unfinifhed, to dig up the very Foun- dations. He added to the Dignity of the Prophetical Office by accepting it, and to the Authority of the Oracles by citing them with encomiums, as at firft admonitory, and ftill didadic; which he exemplified in lines (a) confirming, his injunction for paying due reverence, as to the Magiftrate, fo alfo to the Prieft. Moreover, when filled with confternation by fatal prefages from the Victims offered to Mars on a Victory over the Perfians, he confulted this Arorro concerning the future Event of the War. He was deluded by the reply, which declared that JurrrER had overcome the Giants and Juiiaw his Enemies. (ἢ He engaged the Perfians, and was killed by an unknown hand ; (0) his Army was preyed on by famine, and a difhonourable

peace concluded.

About (9) Sozomen, L.i. p. 409. To) τὰ Διδυμαιν deomcle χρησμων ἐπακεσον, εἰ σοι Daven moras μὲν D ψίρον, cn pare Ince vor vegies aono tpyo νιϑῆησας xadus τὰς Ἕλληνας, ὑσερον δὲ τι velas διϑασκων τοῖς

En τε Bin λελυῖαι, χαλεπὸν δὲ σε γηρας ixaver. — Iliad, 3΄. v. 102. λογοις"

= Οσσοι---5 above. (x) Sozomen. L.v. p. 629. P»

τι eyw τοῖνυν ἐπειδῃ mà εἰμι καῖα μὲν τὰ παῖρια μέγας Αρχιερευς᾽ ἐλᾶχον

(a) Balu rely, derer "Mar, iru Be καὶ Tepes παρ, mideoijues, Ἐπεῖδὴ

de νον καὶ τὰ Διδυμαιν mp

eve, ἀπαγορευω σοι τρεῖς περιοδὰς σελήνης

xe ἀποῷασις sh Sev τὰ Διδυμαιν τοιανῖη, pea τῶν εἰς deem μηδὲν ἐνόχλειν, olia. Epift. p. 236. Occo ες αρήϊηρας αἰασϑαλιῃσι νόοιο ᾿Αϑαναΐων ῥεζυσ᾽ ἀποφωλια, καὶ γεραεσσιν (4) Γηγενεων cde Quia ενῃραῖο poids Zeus Adina βευλεύνσιν αδεισιϑεοισι λογισμι Ἐχϑισίον Μακαρεσσιν Ολυμπια dapat! ἔχυσε. υκεϑ᾽ ὅλην fila διεκπεροωδιν alumen, Ῥωμαίων βασιλεὺς Ἰνλιανος ϑεοειδης, Ozcoi περ μακαρεσσιν ἐλωξησανῖο ϑέεοισιν, Μαρναμενος Περσων πολιᾶς, καὶ Tit. μακρα Ὧν κεῖνοι ϑεοσεπῆον ἕλον ϑεραπηΐδα τιμὴν. Αγχεμαχων διεπερσε πυρὶ, xpallepp τε σιϑηρῃ" καὶ πᾶλιν εν ἄλλοις 6 Sees Quoi, Νωλεμέεως δ᾽ εδάμασσε mores re χαὶ εϑνεα πολλα + Naja: μὲν ϑεραποίϊας ἐμὲς cens καὶ AMA καὶ Ἑσπερίων ἀνδρων Αλεμανικον «δας καὶ Φησιν ὑπὲρ τεϊων δίκην ἐπίϑησειν avloss, ΠΛ δὲ εἰρημένων ronda» παρα Ὑσμιναις πυχινῆσιν ἕλων ἀλάπαξεν apps, BOISSARD, p. 139.

τὰ See, δὲ ὧν exch μαϑοῖῖας ὅπως χρη τιμᾷν, καὶ Sep iepeaes? nerd

pardia πλειν

wav arros. JuLrAN. fragm. p. 5.

(c) Ann. Ch, 363.

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMUS. 45

About this time, it is likely, the Carians afked, whether they fhould admit the Milefians into

their alliance againft the Perfians, and were anfwered by the Oracle, (d)

Taro ποτ᾽ mco» αἌχιμοι Μιλησίοις

The Milefians once were brave. It is related, that in the battle which enfued, the Milefians were all flain. (2)

Thus far may be traced from antient materials the various fortunes of the Didymzan Arorro. At what period the holy Treafure of this Temple was pillaged, whether under Nero, C) when Acratus and Secunpus CaniNATEs were commiflioned to plunder Asra and Acuara, and carried away the votive Offerings and facred Images ; or, at the Reformation under CowsrANTINE and the firft Chriftian Emperors, when the filver or golden Ornaments and Utenfils of the Temples in general were melted down and confifcated, with the Statues, except the brazen which were removed from all fides to ConsTANTINOPLE; or, at what other Crifis ; and alfo, when the Temple was ruined, and the Oracle became finally filent, is not, it is believed, now on record: neither have we any notices of its fate from the death of Jurraw to the Journey from Smyrna referred

to in the Chapter on Parr, being a term of one thoufand three hundred and ten Years.

From the very rude Draught of part of the Front of the "Temple publifhed with that Account thy Wuexsr, and again by CauusHuLL, it appears, that befides the two Columns fupporting their “Architrave, two more remained, of which one, with a Pilafter and a portion of the Cell then Mtanding, is fallen fince. The other has a bit of modern plafter on the top. Plate I. is a View of this end of the Ruin as we found it. The heap rifes lefs high on the fides, than at the angles, and has in the middle, or within the Cell, a large vacant fpace, which, if the Temple had been roofed, would, it is likely, have been alfo covered. By this, and among the Stones,

grow feveral Fig and other fizeable Trees.

Plain Traces of its extenfive Peribolus are yet feen; but the two admired Groves, of which one ftood within it, (g) are now reprefented only by a few folitary Trees, fcattered Bufhes, and thickets of Maftic. Some fpots between thefe are cultivated with Turkey and common Wheat ; and it is obfervable the Soil was antiently noted as fruitful in this grain. (4) ^ Among the tall ftubble of the former were placed feveral Beehives, being long wooden Trunks, headed like a Barrel, piled up one on another, belonging, with the produce of the, ground, to the few wretched Inhabitants of a fmall place, remote about half an hour, named Ura.

Aa At (d) BoissanD, p. 139. (f) Ann. U.C. 817. Ch. 64... Tacir. Ann. L. xv. c. 45. (g) ὅτπαβ. p. 634. (e) Another Anfwer of the Milefian Aporro, with remarks on it, may be found in Lacrantuvs, L. iv. f. 13. (A) HavSe δ᾽ Epymes Βραγχα πολυπυρον apypay He is cited alfo in Sropaus, Καὶ G. E;

ms καλως διερευνησας E Μιληΐοιο,

λιπὼν, καὶ τυρσιν

4) δεούϊως

(x

ποις Ἕλλησι

ξύλινον τε

χες;

ΕΣ eet We Eu Qa δὲ των καὶ ὃ τὴ Βραγχι

4 7. : 2 δι s καγεσίη τῆς σωΐηριας Ενϑα poas κλυζεσι πὸ Ἰαιανδρε.

wa τῆς Διαλεχ- Orpueus Argonaut, V. 150.

τικὴς ἐργαγ περιφαι

WU ἐπαγωγὴν παρα! ifhed alfo Auxiliaries to Priam.

7᾽ ἂν ὠκυπῆης This fpot fu

soz, We λυρη, υἷε vous γενοῖ᾽ ἂν οἱ

mole ὠφέλιμον, Ex lawBticHi Epift. ad Dexirpum de Dialectica. ^ ayxtx μακχρα, καὶ riorila Πάνορμον.

Serm. lxxix. p. 471. HAPAAEIIIOM. ‘OMHPQ, L, i. V. 280,

46 THE ΤΕΜΡΙΕ OF) (AP OM Θ᾽ iD ΘΝ iM πα.

At fome diftance from the Temple, toward the Sea, we found many Sarcophagi, of marble, large, mafly, and funk into the Earth, fo as to be nearly level with the furface; fome leaning on one fide, entire and unopened; fome with the lids broken or removed, and lying by. One had an Infcription, but not legible, except the word EMIT PA®H ΝΞ and in another was a thigh-bone. We difcovered alfo five Statues, in a row, near to each other, and almoft buried in like manner. The figures were fedent, and the faces much injured. Near thefe ahole had been

lately dug, difclofing one end of a plain Stone Ciftern with a moulding at the bottom. ee, £ P 8

The folicitude, which Juttan fhowed, to re-eftablifh and confirm Arotto in the fole pofieffion of this fpot, prolonged only the term of his enjoyment; and the God, probably foon after the death of his royal Prophet and Patron, was conítrained. to yield it up to Chriftianity ; and this again, in procefs of time, to admit Mahometanifm to the larger portion, if not to an exclufive tenure of the whole. Some broken Pillars and pieces of Wall mark the fituation of one or more Greek Churches, by which we found the Crofs cut on two fragments. The ruin of a fmall ordinary Mofque, unroofed, ftands near the Temple, with part of a flight of Steps on the outfide, once leading to the Minaret; and another was erected upon the large heap feen in the View, near the two Columns, a fragment of the Wall remaining with Steps alfo

annexed, as in the above, and other Turkifh Ruins at Mirzgrus, and elfewhere.

The veftiges of the Town, befides many Wells, confift in low Walls and Rubbifh, fpreading to fome extent about the Temple, with a round building, nearer to the Sea, probably intended for a Beacon or Watch-tower. All thefé were very mean, though compofed, it is likely, of materials fupplied by the Temple, and broken or made portable by fire; the Cavities, over which feveral of the Furnaces were conftru&ed, being vifible clofe by, particularly on the fide. toward the Sea, and before the Front. Indeed, it may be conje&dured from the prodigious quantity of marble deftroyed or confumed, that the Lime or Cement fo procured was the ftaple commodity of the place, and that, as the antient Inhabitants were maintained by the profperity of the Temple, the later fubfifted for a time on the ruin. However, the vaftnefs of the Heap in general, with the many Stones of great magnitude, the majefty of the Columns yet entire, with the beauty of the numerous Capitals and ornamental members thrown down, and as remarkable for the delicacy of their Workmanfhip as for the amazing elegance of their Defign, «is ftill fuch, as muft imprefs even the taftelefs Spectator with reverential regret; and excited, not unworthily, in the Journalift of the Tour from Smyrna, to whom its name and hiftory were unknown, a

perfuafion, that this Fabric had certainly been one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

ΒΑ a oS I, View of the Courfe of th MA ANDER from MirzTUs.

ΡΤ» II. View of the End of the Ruin of the T EMPLE from the North-Eaft.

PLATE

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM.EUS. 47

fee CUN S ITSE II.

HE Site of this Temple is in a manner buried under its vaft Ruins; but from. the parts of Columns which yet appear in their places, it is evident the Front was a Decaftylos, the Afpe& the Dipteros, and the Species between the Pycnoftylos and Syftylos, the Intercolum-

niation being one Diameter of the Column and feven ninths.

The breadth of the Weft Front is one hundred fixty two fect ten inches and two tenths; but no trace of the Eaft Front remaining, the length of the Temple could not be afcertained,

which was .neceflary: to be done in order ‘to give the Plan.

The Cell has no Door in the Weft or back Front, of which omiffion (except in Temples in Antis and in the Proftylos) only three other inftances have occurred; to wit, the Temple at Tackur near Mvrasa, that on the Inissus at AmuzwNs, and that of Jurirer ΝΈμευβ in Acwata. Neither had it the Pofticum, which in the Afpedis of the Amphiproftylos, Peripteros, Pfeudo- dipteros, Dipteros, and Hypethros, anfwered to the Pronaos at the oppofite end of the Cell, (ἢ which is alfo omitted in the Temple on the Iurssus at Aruens. The Archited, without dimi- nifhing the length of the Naos, might thus confiderably augment the depth of the Pronaos and ‘of the Portico in the Eaft Front, in which, as in that of the Temple of Jurrrs& Orvurius at

Aruens, the. Columns were probably three deep.

"Phe Wall of the Cell in the back Front is eight feet ten inches thick; it is folid, and faced on each fide with large pieces of Marble inclining to a lightifh blue, and left rough and

unpolifhed. The interior part of the Wall confifts of the common ftone of the Country.

The immenfe heaps of Marble, under which the remains of the Walls are, as it were, buried, prevented a fight of the Mafonry, fo as to be able with certainty to determine the manner of it; but moft probably that called the J/odozuz was ufed here, as in all the Temples of marble materials, which we met with. Mr. Woop, when he vifited this Temple, found there two Turkith Carvers of Grave-ftones, employed in conveying away the portable Marbles; and is of opinion that the very extraordinary and confufed manner, in which the mafly Stones of this Edifice are piled over the remains of the Walls, muft be the effe& of a violent Earthquake; the walls not being overthrown, but in a manner crufhed down, and the remnants concealed under the Mafs,

which equally extends on each fide.

Many of the Stones lying on the North fide of the Temple are infcribed with one, two, or more Letters; feveral with EO AO or IHOEN. From the draught given in Weer (p- 271.) it appears thefe compofed a part of the Cell, and that the charaders were on the external

Front. Bb FIG.

:) Poft cellam dis σπισϑοδομος vel pofticum, ad idem fere inftar fa&um ut προδομος vel Pronaos. Lexicon Vitruvianum a BaLpo.

48 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMAUS.

FIG. IL The uppermoft Step, Bafe, and lower part of the external Columns of the

Dipteros.

The Step, together with the Scotiz, Aftragals, and Fillets, are formed ‘out :of one piece of

Marble. The Torus is annexed to the Apophyges of the Column.

The only Bafe difengaged from the Ruins, and by which the Building is vifible fo low as the Steps, is that, at the North-Weft Angle, which has the lower part of the Column upon it; but there the Steps were removed, except part of the uppermoft, which is under the Bafe; and this portion refembles, but is not, the Plinth of the Bafe, as appears from the mutual Analogy between the Steps and Bafes, in this and the preceding Temple, comparing the pro- portions of their heights with the Diameters of their Columns; and the reafon this part of the Step was of the fame piece with the Bafe, was undoubtedly to ftrengthen the Aftragals under

the lower Scotia, and to fecure the Column more effectually in its place.

If the height of this Step fhould be obje&ed to, as rendering the afcent difagreeable or difficult, it may be obferved, that the Steps of the Parruznon are confiderably higher, and that the uppermoft Step of the Temple of Jurrrpr Orvwrrus at ATHENS (the only one remaining of that Edifice) greatly exceeds both in height. The reafon for giving this extraordinary Proportion to their height, was, it is likely, to add greater Dignity to the Building; for this

cannot be effected, unlefs the parts, of which the whole is compofed, are preferved great as

well as fimple; and the mutual Analogy between the Steps and Bafes in this and the pre- ceding Temple, as obferved before, (the former much exceeding the latter in the Diameter of

‘its Columns) confirms this fuppofition.

'The internal Columns of the Dipteros are fluted the whole length of their Shafts; but the ‘external, only two feet below the Capitals, the reft of their Shafts being left rough, excepta few inches above the Apophyges, which, as this Temple was never completed, evidently proves that the Flutings were finifhed after the Columns were raifed, as alfo the Walls of the Cell, which remain rough like the Columns. It was impoflble to meafure the Altitude of the Columns, as the Country, deftitute indeed of every conveniency, afforded none of the Implements requifite for fuch an Operation. The ftanding Columns are of a lightifh blue Marble, but fome of the pieces of a deeper hue than others. We endeavoured to get at their Bafes, and with difficulty prevailed on fome of our Attendants to fet about removing the rubbifh, but foon found fuch vaft Stones under it, as rendered the attempt too romantic to

be perfevered in. FIG. IH. The Capital and Architrave, with the upper part of the Shaft of the Column.

The Hem or Border in the Front of the Volutes of the external Capitals of the Dipteros is left fquare, but in thofe of the internal is wrought circularly ; likewife the flowers refting on the Echinus of the former have only three leaves, but thofe of the latter have four.

The

: j

opp τ

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYM ZEUS. 49

The length of the pieces of the Architrave is feventeen feet four inches ,::; but the thick- 85 E ; nefs could not be obtained. The fame method is obferved here in placing it upon the Capital,

as in the Temple at Tzos. (4)

The want of the Altitude of the Columns, and of the Frize and Cornice, of

parts could be found, is not a little to be re

DEB AN 1-. € LV.

The Contents of the preceding Plate fhaded.

o o

p.d AuwWE.E

<<

Ε΄ I. The Plan of the Capital. FIG. IL The Profile of the Capital. FIG. IIL A Seétion through the Profile of the Capital.

FIG. IV. A Se&ion through the Front of the Capital.

FIG. V. The Architrave of the internal Columns of the Dipteros with the Frize, which

fupported the Lacunaria.

The Soffit of the Architrave had a Compartment decorated with Foliage furrounded with a Sima inverfa and Bead; but neither the Meafures of the Compartment, nor a Draught of its Ornaments, could be taken.

FIG. VI. The Contour of the Volute, with as many of its Meafures as could be collected.

The Palladian Scheme for defcribing the Volute may be made ufe of, provided the Diameter

of the Eye, which in this Volute is fomething too (mall, be a little enlarged. That inac- curacy, it is likely, arofe from the inattention of the Workmen in placing the Centres; for, if thefe happen to be fixed in any degree too far diftant from the Centre of the Eye, the ter-

mination of the Spiral will fomewhat contra@ the Eye.

PAL. A EE VI.

E Contents of the foregoing Plate fhaded, with a Section through the external Architrave of the Dipteros, alfo its internal Face and that of the Frize annexed. This Architrave,

it is probable, had a Compartment in its Soffit like the internal. (ἢ Cc PLATE

(E) See Chap. I. Explan. Pl. Il. Fig. ii. (I) See Explan. Pl. V. Fig. v.

50 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMAUS.

P b MX DIES val

IG. I. The Front of an Ionic Capital of a Pilafter, with the upper part of the Shaft.

The jun&ure of the Stones is under the Bead.

Several Capitals of Pilafters remain on the North fide of the Temple. The Profiles are not quite half the breadth of their Front; from which it is evident that none of them belonged to the Ante ; for the internal Face of the Ante in Temples always has the fame breadth as the Front, and anfwers to the Diameter of the Columns placed between them, and to the breadth of the Architrave in the Front of the Pronaos; confequently the internal Face of their Capitals muft have the fame Proportions as the Front, to correfpond with each other. If the Pronaos was large, Columns were placed between the Ante to feparate it from the Portico, (zz) and to fupport the Architrave in the Front of the Pronaos, as may be feen in the Temples of Tusssus at ATurws, of ParLas at Sunium, and many others; but if fmall, the Architrave was fupported by the Ante alone, as in the Temple on the Iurssus at ArHgNs. That Columns were féldom or never placed between the Ante in Veftibules, (called Prothyra (z) by the Greeks) nor the Architrave continued from ‘one of the Ante to the other, as in Temples, may be concluded from the Propylea, the Veftibule of the Sroa, and from the Doric Portico at Arnzws. In the Propylea although the Lacunaria were fupported by. two ranges of Columns, thofe next the Front are not placed between the Ante, nor have any connection with them; and the Ante, as in the Doric Portico, have their external and internal Faces not above half the breadth of their Front. The conftru&ion of Veftibules alfo differed from that of Porticoes, the latter having no lateral Walls, as appears from the Porticoes of Temples. Thefe Veftibules were made ufe of in private Buildings, as well as in public, and placed before the principal Door or

Entrance into the Houfe. (0)

But to return to the Temple: from the number and proportions of the Capitals above defcribed, (without mentioning the Frize decorated with Griffins and Lyres, of which feveral fragments remain, and which undoubtedly filled the Spaces between thefe Capitals) it may be concluded, that the lateral Walls of the Cell were enriched with Pilafters, correfponding with the Pteromata or Colonnades round the Temple, although not repeated in the back Front, in

which the Wall is left rough without any breaks, unlefs perhaps at the Angles, which

we could mot examine, an immenfe quantity of Stones being heaped over them,

The

(m) Et fi des erit latitudine major quam pedes xx. dux (0) Igitur his qui communi funt fortuna, non neceffaria mag- columnz inter duas antas interponantur, que disjungant ptero- nifica veftibula nec tablina neque atria. Virruy. Lib. vi. c. 8. matos et pronai fpatium. Item intercolumnia tria, quz erunt Unde veftibulum, partem non efle domus, hoc eft, atrium, ut inter antas et columnas, pluteis marmoreis five ex inteftino opere — aliqui putarunt, fed locum ante januam domus vacuum, per

fa&s intercludantur, ita uti fores habeant, per quas itinera pro- quem à via ad ades effet iter. — Etenim. qui domos amplas

nao fiant. Virruv. Lib. iv. c. 4. antiquitus bant, confueffe locum .ante januam relinquere,

qui inter fores, domum et viam medius effet, ita ut qui in co

(n) Kem prothyra Grace dicuntur, qua funt ante in Januis confifterent, nec in domo effent, nec in via, Pzmorrvs, ubi de

vefibula. VirRuv. Lib. vi. c. 10. ftabulo, ex Barpo.

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMZUS. SI

The Capitals of the Ante, as well as of Pilafters, not only differ from thofe of the

Columns, in the Greek Edifices, but are alfo varioufly. compofed in each of the Orders,

though always diftinguithed by fome Moulding or. Ornament, fpecifying to which they

o

belong; and indeed it muft be acknowledged, that thefe Species of Capitals judicioufly ufed may

hment. Τὸ

produce a very pleafing effe& in Buildings, and greatly contribute to their Enri confirm this Opinion, it may not be improper to remark, that in the Temple of Drana at Nismzs in LawxGuzpoc are four fquare Pilafters with Capitals differing from thofe of the Columns, which are a kind of compound Order, much celebrated by Parrapro, (2) though very erroncoufly given by him, as appears from. Drawings made on the fpot by Major General Gnav, who colle&ed

the moft valuable remains of Antiquity in thofe parts of France through which he travelled. FIG. II. The Profile of the fame Capital. FIG. Il. A Seéion through the Front of the Capital. FIG. IV. Another Compartment in the Front of one of thefe Capitals.

The Profiles of this Capital are the fame as of that already given.

PEL ae VIII.

The Contents of the foregoing Plate fhaded.

ΡΈΕΙ OA OIGCE IX.

ES I. A Frize, which filled the fpaces between the Capitals of the Pilafters, confifting of a Bafs Relief reprefenting Griffins and Lyres. The Griffin is ufually compofed of the head and wings of an Eagle, with the body, legs, and tail of a Lion, as in the preceding Plate; but in this Frize has the head of the latter, with the horns and beard of a Goat. As the Ancients adorned the Statues and Temples of their Gods with fymbols of their fuppofed

influence, the Griffin, which was particularly facred to Aprozio, and in fabulous Antiquity

believed to be ever watching the (7) golden Mines on the Scythian and Hyperborean Mountains,

is here introduced as Guardian of the Lyre, which belonged to him as Inventor of Mufic.

It has a Lion's head, becaufe Arorro, or the Sun, is moft po

tful when in that Sign of the

Zodiac. It may be added, the Perfians had a Statue of him, with the head of that Animal. (r)

The Goat’s horns and beard may have been adopted from the Goat of Metal offered by the

Dd Cleoneans

(p) Dietro le colonne, che fono rincontro all’ entrata, e fanno, iofa forma, e fono di cofi bella inventione, che non fo di

telli di tal forte me

a noftro modo, la cap

zlio, e piu giudiciofamente

iquali hanno ancor effi i capite

e fono d ti anco tra di loro; perche liate appreffo le colonne

Antichi, da Vix. CanTAnr.

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO. DIDYM ZEUS.

Ut I$]

Cleoneans at DzirHr, as a memorial of their deliverance from a Plague, on facrificing, as they

were advifed to do, a Goat to Arorro, or the Sun, at his rifing. (:)

FIG. IL A Corinthian Capital, which belonged to a Semi-column within the Wall which

feparated the Naos from the Pronaos.

This Capital was too imperfe& to complete the Meafures; but the Compofition being fingular,

it is given he

as it was found. The Diameter of the Column is made the height of the

Campana or Vafe of the Capital, being the fame Proportion as in the Column of Msnanper

at MvLasa, and in thofe of the Porticoes of the Tower of Anpronicus Cyrruesres at ATHENS. FIG. HL A Se&ion through the Front of this Capital. FIG. IV. The width of the bottom of the Abacus, with the depth of its Curve. FIG. V. A Cymatium.

Several pieces remain thrown down within the Naos. It probably finifhed the internal Face of the Walls of the Naos, as four inches from the bottom of thefe pieces are left rough, like

the internal Face of the Wall in the back Front of the Temple.

Pale ὙΡΥΡΗ ΕΈΨΕΙ X.

"TES Frize and Capital in the foregoing Plate fhaded ; but in the place of the Section of the Capital, the Curve -of the Abacus, and the Cymatium, an Elevation is given of half the fame Capital reftored upon a larger Scale, to communicate a more perfe& Idea of its Effe&

when entire.

H"E"A«D-P-I-E-C-E.

Fragment of a:Capital upon the heap of Ruins at. the North-Weft Angle’ of the Temple.

The Ornaments’ which :fpring ‘from the bottom :of the Leaves under the: Figure are unintel- ligible. |The ‘height ‘of it, including its Abacus, is-three feet eleven’ inches and five tenths, which exceeds the height’ of the Capitals of the Pilafters by one foot two inches .%:, though the Abacus has the fame height in both, and :the, fame proje&ure; but in this Capital it has only two Mouldings,’ an Ovolo, and a Plinth, inftead of the Cavetto ‘and! Fillet, .as in ithe others, introduced here by miftake; and thefe were omitted in the Capital on account of the great

Relief of the Ornaments, it being much higher than in the Capitals of the Pilafters.

This appears to. have been one of the angular Capitals of the Cell, and’ probably anfwered to

thofe of the Ante in the front of the Pronaos; for the Capitals of the Ante muft’ have been

different

(s) Pausanias.

THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO DIDYMAUS. 53

different from thofe of the Pilafters, as both the external and internal Face of the former ought

here to be the fame as the Front.

The Plants about the Capital are the Fig; with the wild Maftic, and Oleafter, which occurred

on the fpot. The Sheep fhow the comparative fize of the Stone.

TAs) L-P rE CE.

HE Front and Profile of a Capital of the Pilafters, in which the Compofition of the

Foliage is fomething different from that already given.

This, as alfo the Head-piece, is’ drawn on the (ame Scale with the other parts of the Edifice.

The Figures are defigned to give an Idea of the Size, without recurring te the Meafures.

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